Due to the increase in carbon dioxide emission, there is a need for achieving efficient ways to reduce CO2 harmful effects. There are several strategies to mitigate atmospheric CO2 concentration. The catalytic cycloaddition of carbon dioxide with epoxides to provide cyclic carbonates employing metal-organic frameworks is a promising method for this purpose. Herein the application of two porous porphyrinic MOFs (Co-PMOF and Cu-PMOF) as catalysts in CO2 conversion was investigated. These MOFs demonstrated good crystallinity and porosity, providing them with two promising platforms to study CO2 conversion reactions. These heterogeneous porphyrin-based MOFs are catalytically efficient towards the chemical conversion of CO2 under moderate conditions because these MOF matrices contain a high density of active Lewis acidic and basic sites for activating CO2 and epoxide compounds. These MOFs exhibited high catalytic efficiency for the chemical fixation of CO2 at ambient temperature and solvent-free conditions. The reactions formed the proportionate cyclic carbonates in good yields. These products are valuable compounds in a variety of chemical fields.

One of the major factors, contributing to the emission of greenhouse gases in the environment is generation of pollutant gases in municipal landfills. As for the design and building of a gas collecting system, it is necessary to properly estimate the amount and type of the landfill emissions. By means of LandGEM model, this study predicts the amount and type of the landfill gases, produced for 30 years (from 2016 to 2045) in Jiroft. Results show that in 2045, 3, 324, 274 tons of waste will be disposed in municipal landfills of Jiroft and the total amount of produced gas, methane, carbon dioxide, and non-methane organic compounds will be 32, 994, 8813, 24,181, and 378.8 tons/year, respectively. Furthermore, the rate of landfill gas emissions from 2016 to 2045 has been achieved. Maximum concentrations of methane, carbon dioxide and non-methane organic compounds in 2045, in 700 meters from landfill, will be 40, 590, 112, 700, and 1765 tons/m3 respectively. Based on the results, obtained from this article, landfill pollutants such as CH4, CO2, and NMOC's can reach up to 15 kilometers from landfill, thus social places should be located farther than 15 kilometers from the landfill site of Jiroft. The results, obtained in this paper, can be used to identify the effect of Jiroft landfill in global emission of greenhouse gases and proper management of the landfill gas not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions, diminishing their effects on public health, but can be also used as a sustainable energy source.

Municipal solid waste landfills are significant parts of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. The emission of significant amount of landfill gas has generated considerable interest in quantifying such emissions. The chemical composition of the organic constituents and potential amount of landfill gas that can be derived from the waste were determined. The chemical formulae for the rapidly biodegradable waste (RBW) and slowly biodegradable waste (SBW) were determined as C39H62O27N and C36H56O20N, respectively. The triangular method was used to calculate landfill gas obtainable from rapidly biodegradable waste over a 5-year period and for slowly biodegradable waste over a 15-year period. A plot was obtained for a landfill life span of 20 years. The volume of methane and carbon dioxide from RBW were 12.60 m3 and 11.76 m3 respectively while those from SBW were 6.60 m3 and 5.48 m3 respectively at STP. For the initial deposit of 2002 the highest landfill gas emission rate occurred in 2007 at 0.2829 Gg/yr with an average cumulative emission of 0.3142 Gg while for a landfill closed after five years the highest landfill gas emission rate was in 2010 at 1.2804 Gg/yr with an average cumulative emission of 1.5679 Gg while this cumulative emission will start declining by the year 2029.

Both CO2 and ozone increased the diseased leaf area of clone V5952 in Exp. 1 in the year 2000. The size of spots increased most under ozone fumigation, and the number of spots under ozone and CO2 + O3 fumigations. In clone K1659 all fumigation treatments decreased or had no effect on the DLA, or the number and size of the leaf spots. Also the number of fallen leaves under fumigation treatments was higher in clone V5952 than in clone K1659. Analysis of the year 2001 monitoring results is currently going on

Global environmental change, including increasing atmospheric CO2 and tropospheric O3 is likely to impact forest growth and wood properties. Increase in CO2 enhances photosynthesis, growth and productivity. On the contrary, O3 is detrimental to forest vitality and yield. At present reports of long-term studies on the effects of combined exposures of CO2 and O3 on stem wood chemistry of deciduous trees are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CO2 and O3, singly or in combination, on stem wood chemistry of four-year old saplings of trembling asspen (Populus tremuloides) clones differing in ozone tolerance, paper birch (Betula papyrifera) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum)

Elevated CO2 was shown to influence the nutritional status of exposed ecosystems. In an earlier experiment in model ecosystems in open-top chambers with young spruce and beech, the nitrate concentration of the soil solution was dramatically reduced after 4 years exposure to elevated CO2. This phenomenon was mainly interpreted as an immobilization of nitrogen in the soil. To test if such effects occur also in mature, undisturbed natural forests, we used facilities of the Swiss Canopy Crane project. Here in a mixed 120 years old forest the crowns of 30-35 m high broadleaved trees are fumigated with CO2 during the growing season since spring 2001. According to the results the soil is probably not yet much influenced by the fumigation of the tree crowns, and it is too early to estimate whether the observed nutrient effects are due to the CO2 treatment or to the natural variability of the soil

The future productivity of forests will be affected by combinations of anthropogenic stresses including elevated atmospheric CO2 and O3. Because the productivity of forests, will be in part, determined by the growth of young trees, we evaluated the responses of Pinus ponderosa seedlings to ambient or elevated CO2 and/or high O3. Shoot growth and whole plant biomass were evaluated for seedlings growing under the CO2 and O3 treatments for 3 years in sun-lit mesocosms with ambient temperature and humidity. This study indicated the potential for CO2 but not O3 effects on Pinus ponderosa seedlings under realistic field conditions as used in this study