Surface carbon dioxide concentrations were measured using a non-dispersive infrared carbon dioxide sensor at Lampang Rajabhat University from April to May 2013 and at the University of the Philippines-Diliman campus starting September 2013. Factors influencing the variations in these measurements were determined using multiple linear regression and a Lagrangian transport model. Air temperature and sea level pressure were the dominant meteorological factors that affect the CO2 variations. However, these factors are not enough. Surface CO2 flux and transboundary transport needs to be considered as well.

Canopy-level stomatal conductance over a warm-temperate mixed deciduous and evergreen broadleaf forest in Japan was estimated by the Penman–Monteith approach, as compensated by a semi-empirical photosynthesis-dependent stomatal model, where photosynthesis, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration were assumed to regulate stomatal conductance. This approach, using eddy covariance data and routine meteorological observations at a flux tower site, permits the continuous estimation of canopy-level O3 uptake, even when the Penman–Monteith approach is unavailable (i.e. in case of direct evaporation from soil or wet leaves). Distortion was observed between the AOT40 exposure index and O3 uptake through stomata, as AOT40 peaked in April, but with O3 uptake occurring in July. Thus, leaf pre-maturation in the predominant deciduous broadleaf tree species (Quercus serrata) might suppress O3 uptake in springtime, even when the highest O3 concentrations were observed.

Metro rail has been introduced in Delhi in 2002 to provide alternative mode of public transportation. The introduction of metro rail has resulted in passenger ridership shift from road based transport to metro rail. In order to estimate the emissions (CO, HC, NOx, PM and CO2), metro rail ridership has been converted to equivalent number of on–road vehicles which otherwise would have been playing in the absence of mass rapid transit system. The emission estimation for the year 2006 and 2011 corresponding to the completion of phase I and phase II of Delhi metro rail has been made using emission and deterioration factor(s) for different category and vintage of vehicles. The sensitivity analysis has been carried out to assess the influence of different combination of input parameters such as modal shift, engine technology, and fuel type on emissions. In addition, CO2 emissions saved due to shifting of motor vehicle ridership to metro rail has been estimated and compared with the CO2 produced (off–site) due to electricity consumption by Delhi metro rail for its various operations. The findings indicate that present modal shift scenario does not yield CO2 benefits. However, it is expected that with the increase in metro ridership, changes in modal shift and energy conservation initiatives by Delhi metro, CO2 emission saving could be possible.

In this study, we report the acidification impact mimicking the pre-industrial, the present, and near-future oceans on calcification of two coral species (Porites australiensis, Isopora palifera) by using precise pCO2 control system which can produce acidified seawater under stable pCO2 values with low variations. In the analyses, we performed Bayesian modeling approaches incorporating the variations of pCO2 and compared the results between our modeling approach and classical statistical one. The results showed highest calcification rates in pre-industrial pCO2 level and gradual decreases of calcification in the near-future ocean acidification level, which suggests that ongoing and near-future ocean acidification would negatively impact coral calcification. In addition, it was expected that the variations of parameters of carbon chemistry may affect the inference of the best model on calcification responses to these parameters between Bayesian modeling approach and classical statistical one even under stable pCO2 values with low variations.

The rapidity of ocean acidification intensifies selection pressure for resilient phenotypes, particularly during sensitive early life stages. The scope for selection is greater in species with greater within-species variation in responses to changing environments, thus enhancing the potential for adaptation. We investigated among-male variation in sperm swimming responses (percent motility and swimming speeds) of the serpulid polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa to near- (ΔpH −0.3) and far-future ocean acidification (ΔpH −0.5). Responses of sperm swimming to acidification varied significantly among males and were overall negative. Robust sperm swimming behavior under near-future ocean acidification in some males may ameliorate climate change impacts, if traits associated with robustness are heritable, and thereby enhance the potential for adaptation to far-future conditions. Reduced sperm swimming in the majority of male G. caespitosa may decrease their fertilization success in a high CO2 future ocean. Resultant changes in offspring production could affect recruitment success and population fitness downstream.

Elevated anthropogenic pCO2 can delay growth and impair otolith structure and function in the larvae of some fishes. These effects may concurrently alter the larva’s proteome expression pattern. To test this hypothesis, Atlantic herring larvae were exposed to ambient (370μatm) and elevated (1800μatm) pCO2 for one-month. The proteome structure of the larvae was examined using a 2-DE and mass spectrometry. The length of herring larvae was marginally less in the elevated pCO2 treatment compared to the control. The proteome structure was also different between the control and treatment, but only slightly: the expression of a small number of proteins was altered by a factor of less than 2-fold at elevated pCO2. This comparative proteome analysis suggests that the proteome of herring larvae is resilient to elevated pCO2. These observations suggest that herring larvae can cope with levels of CO2 projected for near future without significant proteome-wide changes.

The sensitivity of copepods to ocean acidification (OA) and warming may increase with time, however, studies >10days and on synergistic effects are rare. We therefore incubated late copepodites and females of two dominant Arctic species, Calanus glacialis and Calanushyperboreus, at 0°C at 390 and 3000μatm pCO2 for several months in fall/winter 2010. Respiration rates, body mass and mortality in both species and life stages did not change with pCO2. To detect synergistic effects, in 2011 C. hyperboreus females were kept at different pCO2 and temperatures (0, 5, 10°C). Incubation at 10°C induced sublethal stress, which might have overruled effects of pCO2. At 5°C and 3000μatm, body carbon was significantly lowest indicating a synergistic effect. The copepods, thus, can tolerate pCO2 predicted for a future ocean, but in combination with increasing temperatures they could be sensitive to OA.

One of the main risks associated with carbon capture and storage (CCS) activities is the leakage of the stored CO2, which can result in several effects on the ecosystem. Laboratory-scale experiments were performed to provide data on the possible effects of CO2 leakage from CCS on the mobility of metals previously trapped in sediments. Metal-contaminated sediments were collected and submitted to acidification by means of CO2 injection using different pH treatments. The test lasted 10days, and samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of the experiment for metal analysis. The results revealed increases in the mobility of metals such as Co, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn due to pH decreases. Geochemical modeling demonstrated that acidification influenced the speciation of the metals, increasing the concentrations of their free forms. These data suggest the possible sediment contamination consequences of accidental CO2 leakage during CCS activities.

The carbon balance of secondary dry tropical forests of Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula is sensitive to human and natural disturbances and climate change. The spatially explicit process model Forest-DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) was used to estimate forest carbon dynamics in this region, including the effects of disturbance on carbon stocks. Model evaluation using observations from 276 sample plots in a tropical dry forest in the Yucatan Peninsula indicated that Forest-DNDC can be used to simulate carbon stocks for this forest with good model performance efficiency. The simulated spatial variability in carbon stocks was large, ranging from 5 to 115 Mg carbon (C) ha⁻¹, with a mean of 56.6 Mg C ha⁻¹. Carbon stocks in the forest were largely influenced by human disturbances between 1985 and 2010. Based on a comparison of the simulations with and without disturbances, carbon storage in the year 2012 with disturbance was 3.2 Mg C ha⁻¹, lower on average than without disturbance. The difference over the whole study area was 154.7 Gg C, or an 8.5 % decrease. There were substantial differences in carbon stocks simulated at individual sample plots, compared to spatially modeled outputs (200 m²plots vs. polygon simulation units) at some locations due to differences in vegetation class, stand age, and soil conditions at different resolutions. However, the difference in the regional mean of carbon stocks between plot-level simulation and spatial output was small. Soil CO₂and N₂O fluxes varied spatially; both fluxes increased with increasing precipitation, and soil CO₂also increased with an increase in biomass. The modeled spatial variability in CH₄uptake by soils was small, and the flux was not correlated with precipitation. The net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and net primary production (NPP) were nonlinearly correlated with stand age. Similar to the carbon stock simulations, different resolutions resulted in some differences in NEE and NPP, but the spatial means were similar.

Ametryne is an herbicide applied to sugar cane cultures to prevent the emergence of weeds. It is a persistent compound that percolates ground and surface water thus impacting aquatic communities. In this study, we evaluated microbial activity in soil with increased concentrations of ametryne solution and commercial Microgeo biofertilizer. The soil subject to analysis was obtained from a sugar cane cultivation area. The concentration used in the experiment was ametryne 12 μg/L and 1 % of biofertilizer. It was used with the Bartha and Pramer respirometric method to quantify CO₂production and determine microbial activity. Complimentary phytotoxicity tests with Lactuca sativa seeds after respirometry experiments were conducted in the soluble fraction of the soil. According to the results, the addition of biofertilizer promoted microbial activity in the presence of ametryne and reduced ametryne phytotoxicity for Lactuca sativa seeds. Thus, Microgeo biofertilizer can potentially improve biodegradation of ametryne through both bioaugmentation and bioestimulation.