Surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) is one of the most effective methods for petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sites compared to single physical and chemical methods. However, biosurfactants are not as commonly used as chemical surfactants, and the actual remediation effects and related mechanisms remain undefined. Therefore, to comprehensively compare the remediation effects and biological mechanisms of biosurfactants and chemical surfactants, soil column leaching experiments including two biosurfactants (rhamnolipids and lipopeptide) and three commercially used chemical surfactants (Tween 80, Triton X-100, and Berol 226SA) were conducted. After seven days of leaching, rhamnolipids exhibited the highest petroleum hydrocarbon removal rate of 61.01%, which was superior to that of chemical surfactants (11.73–18.75%) in n-alkanes C10–C30. Meanwhile, rhamnolipids exhibited a great degradation advantage of n-alkanes C13–C28, which was 1.22–30.55 times that of chemical surfactants. Compared to chemical surfactants, biosurfactants significantly upregulated the soil's biological functions, including soil conductivity (80.90–155.56%), and soil enzyme activities of lipase (90.31–497.10%), dehydrogenase (325.00–655.56%), core enzyme activities of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation, and quorum sensing between species. Biosurfactants significantly changed the composition of Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Acidobacteriota, and Enterobacter at the genus level. Meanwhile, chemical surfactants had less influence on the bacterial community and interactions between species. Moreover, the biosurfactants enhanced the microbial interactions and centrality of petroleum hydrocarbon degraders in the community based on the network. Overall, this work provides a systematic comparison and understanding of the chemical- and bio-surfactants used in bioremediation. In the future, we intend to apply biosurfactants to practical petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated fields to observe realistic remediation effects and compare their functional mechanisms.

Boscalid is a novel, highly effective carboximide fungicide that has been substantially and irrationally applied in greenhouses. However, little is known about the residual characteristics of boscalid and its ecological effects in long-term polluted greenhouse soils. Therefore, actual boscalid pollution status in greenhouse soils was simulated by repeatedly introducing boscalid into the soil under laboratory conditions. The degradation characteristics of boscalid, and its effects on the diversity, composition, function, and co-occurrence patterns of the soil microbial community were systematically investigated. Boscalid degraded slowly, with its degradation half-lives ranging from 31.5 days to 180.1 days in the soil. Boscalid degradation was further delayed by repeated treatment and increasing its initial concentration. Boscalid significantly decreased soil microbial diversity, particularly at the recommended dosage. Amplicon sequencing analysis showed that boscalid altered the soil microbial community and further stimulated the phylum Proteobacteria and four potential boscalid-degrading bacterial genera, Sphingomonas, Starkeya, Citrobacter, and Castellaniella. Although the network analysis revealed that boscalid significantly reduced the microbial network complexity, it enhanced the vital roles of Proteobacteria by increasing its proportion and strengthening the relationships among the internal bacteria in the network. The soil microbial function in the boscalid treatment were simulated at the recommended dosage and two-fold recommended dosage but showed an inhibition-recovery-stimulation trend at the five-fold recommended dosage with an increase in treatment frequency. Moreover, the expression of nitrogen cycling functional genes, nifH, AOA amoA, AOB amoA, nirK, and nirS in all boscalid treatments displayed an inhibition-recovery-stimulation trend during the entire experimental period, and the effects were more pronounced at the five-fold recommended dosage. In conclusion, repeated boscalid treatments delayed degradation, reduced soil microbial diversity and network complexity, disturbed soil microbial community, and interfered with soil microbial function.

Mitigation of air pollution by plants is a well-established phenomenon. Trees planted on the roadside are known to reduce particulate matter pollution by about 25%. In an urban ecosystem, especially in a metropolitan city such as Delhi, roadside trees are constantly exposed to air pollution. We, therefore, evaluated the effect of air pollution on a common Indian roadside tree, Neem (Azadirachta indica), and its associated microbes in areas with high and low levels of particulate matter (PM) pollution in Delhi. We hypothesized that alteration in the air quality index not only influences plant physiology but also its microbiome.A 100-fold increase in the number of epiphytic and 10–100 fold increase in endophytic colonies were found with 1.7 times increase in the level of pollutants. Trees in the polluted areas had an abundance of Salmonella, Proteus and Citrobacter, and showed increased secondary metabolites such as phenols and tannins as well as decreased chlorophyll and carotenoid. The number of unique microbes was positively correlated with increased primary metabolites.Our study thus indicates that, alteration in air quality affects the natural micro-environment of plants. These results may be utilized as sustainable tools for studying plant adaptations to the urban ecosystem.

This study investigated Enterobacteriales and their antimicrobial resistance in green sea turtles captured adjacent to the central Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and proximate to urban development. Cloacal swabs were taken from 73 green turtles between 2015 and 2016. A total of 154 out of 341 Gram-negative bacterial isolates were identified as Enterobacteriales that represent 16 different species from 9 different genera. The dominant isolates were Citrobacter (30.52%), Edwardsiella (21.43%) and Escherichia (12.34%). The resistance against 12 antibiotics belonging to 6 different classes was determined. The isolates showed highest resistance to β-lactam antibiotics (78.57%) followed by quinolone (50%) and tetracycline classes (46.1%). Approximately one-third (37.7%) of the isolates identified exhibited multidrug-resistance. Isolates recovered from rehabilitated turtles were significantly multidrug resistant (p<0.009) compared to isolates from other study sites. These results provide baseline information on antimicrobial resistance while revealing gaps for further research to evaluate the level of pollution in the GBR.

Microbial communities in wetland soils play vital roles in biogeochemical cycling of nutrients. In this study, the soil samples were collected from Suaeda, reed and Suaeda-reed hybrid zones in Shuangtaizi River Estuary, Northeast China, and the rhizosphere bacterial communities were compared using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The microbial richness, diversity and structure of bacterial communities varied greatly in reed and Suaeda. Canonical correspondence analysis and Mantel test indicated that pH was the most significant factor (P < 0.05) in bacterial community assembly. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum, accounting for 45.7–58.0% of the total sequences. Thioprofundum, Thiohalomonas and Exiguobacterium were the predominant genera in Suaeda, while Exiguobacterium, Gillisia, Desulfomonile, Citrobacter, Thioprofundum and Acinetobacter were the core species in reed. PICRUSt analysis revealed similar functional profiles of rhizosphere microbiota in reed and Suaeda. Nitrate reduction related genes were abundant for nitrogen metabolism, whereas assimilatory sulfate reduction was the major process for sulfur metabolism.

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) can be used to remove metals from wastewater, sewage, and contaminated areas. However, metals can be toxic to this group of bacteria. Sediments from port areas present abundance of SRB and also metal contamination. Their microbial community has been exposed to metals and can be a good inoculum for isolation of metal-resistant SRB. The objective of the study was to analyze how metals influence activity and composition of sulfate-reducing bacteria. Enrichment cultures were prepared with a different metal (Zn, Cr, Cu, and Cd) range concentration tracking activity of SRB and 16S rRNA sequencing in order to access the community. The SRB activity decreased when there was an increase in the concentration of the metals tested. The highest concentration of metals precipitated were 0.2 mM of Cd, 5.4 mM of Zn, 4.5 mM of Cu, and 9.6 mM of Cr. The more toxic metals were Cd and Cu and had a greater community similarity with less SRB and more fermenters (e.g., Citrobacter and Clostridium). Meanwhile, the enrichments with less toxic metals (Cr and Zn) had more sequences affiliated to SRB genera (mainly Desulfovibrio). A new Desulfovibrio species was isolated. This type of study can be useful to understand the effects of metals in SRB communities and help to optimize wastewater treatment processes contaminated by metals. The new Desulfovibrio species may be important in future studies on bioremediation of neutral pH effluents contaminated by metals.

Biogas production in the cold regions of China is hindered by low temperatures, which led to slow lignocellulose biotransformation. Cold-adapted lignocellulose degrading microbial complex community LTF-27 was used to investigate the influence of hydrolysis on biogas production. After 5 days of hydrolysis at 15 ± 1 °C, the hydrolysis conversion rate of the corn straw went up to 22.64%, and the concentration of acetic acid increased to 2596.56 mg/L. The methane production rates of total solids (TS) inoculated by LTF-27 reached 204.72 mL/g, which was higher than the biogas (161.34 mL/g), and the control group (CK) inoculated with cultural solution (121.19 mL/g), the methane production rate of volatile solids (VS) increased by 26.88% and 68.92%, respectively. Parabacteroides, Lysinibacillus, and Citrobacter were the main organisms that were responsible for hydrolysis. While numerous other bacteria genera in the gas-producing phase, Macellibacteroides were the most commonly occurring one. Methanosarcina and Methanobacteriaceae contributed 86.25% and 11.80% of the total Archaea abundance during this phase. This study proves the psychrotrophic LTF-27’s applicability in hydrolysis and biomass gas production in low temperatures.

Synthetic dyes, generally resistant, toxic and carcinogenic presents a substantial risk to the environment and health of human. The present study was aimed to decolourize a dye mixture (Evans blue and brilliant green) by selected bacterial strains cultivated at different growth conditions (e.g. unmodified, correction of pH value and supplementation with nutrients). The bacterial strains used as pure and mixed cultures include facultative anaerobes Aeromonas hydrophila (Abs37), Citrobacter sp. (Cbs50) and obligatory aerobe Pseudomonas putida (Pzr3). The efficiency of removal of all successive doses of dye mixture (4–5 doses, total load 170–200 mg/l) was tested in static conditions in fed-batch bioreactors. The modification of bacteria growth conditions influenced on decolourization efficiency: most advantageous was pH value correction combined with nutrient supplementation then pH correction alone and nutrient supplementation (final removal results 95.6–100%, 92.9–100% and 89.1–97.2%, respectively). The mixed bacterial cultures removed the total load of dyes with higher efficiency than pure strains (final removal 95.2–100% and 84.0–98.2%, respectively). The best results were obtained for the mixture of facultative anaerobe Citrobacter sp. and obligatory aerobe Pseudomonas putida which removed the highest load of dye mixture (200 mg/l introduced at five doses) in the shortest time (288 h), while the others pure and mixed cultures needed 425–529 h for removal four doses of dye mixture (total load 170 mg/l). The zoo- and phytotoxicity decreased after these processes (from V class of toxicity (extremely toxic) even to II class (low toxicity)). The main mechanisms of decolourization was biotransformation/biodegradation, supported by sorption.

The present work focused on the utilization of three local wastes, i.e., rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), langsat (Lansium parasiticum), and mango (Mangifera indica) wastes, as organic substrates in a benthic microbial fuel cell (BMFC) to reduce the cadmium and lead concentrations from synthetic water. Out of the three wastes, the mango waste promoted a maximum current density (87.71 mA/m²) along with 78% and 80% removal efficiencies for Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺, respectively. The bacterial identification proved that Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, and Citrobacter were responsible for metal removal and energy generation. In the present work, the BMFC mechanism, current challenges, and future recommendations are also enclosed.

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is an emerging contaminant and exists widely in river and lake systems due to its widespread use. In natural water-sediment systems, hydrodynamic disturbances always exist. However, few studies have investigated the mechanism of TBBPA biodegradation under the influence of water disturbances. In this paper, using a specialized type of racetrack-style flumes, the TBBPA biodegradation in water-sediment systems was studied under the influence of three typical hydrodynamic disturbances. The results of 5-week experiments showed that strong hydrodynamic disturbances greatly accelerate the TBBPA biodegradation rate of the water-sediment systems. The half-lives (T₁/₂) under static condition (SC) were approximately 40.2 days, and the T₁/₂ was reduced to 16.0 days under strong hydrodynamic condition (SHC). Furthermore, the physicochemical properties and corresponding bacterial communities under these conditions were investigated to help explain the TBBPA biodegradation mechanism. The results showed that strong currents could promote dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, increase nutrient concentrations, and reduce the bacterial diversity in the sediment. Meanwhile, due to the increase in DO and nutrient concentrations, the aerobic bacterial genera conducting TBBPA biodegradation showed rapid growth with strong water disturbances, while the growth of anaerobic bacterial genera was inhibited. Citrobacter, which was the most dominant degrading bacterial genus (0.6%–14.9% in water and 3.5%–17.4% in sediment), was closely related to water disturbances and may be linked to enhanced TBBPA biodegradation. Other minor degrading bacterial genera, such as Bacillus, Sphingomonas, Anaeromyxobacter, Geobacter, Clostridium, and Flavobacterium, were also found in these water-sediment systems. The findings from this study showed the importance of considering hydrodynamic disturbance in understanding TBBPA biodegradation in aquatic environments.