Energy security and stable supply are the most important aspects for any nation. The rising need for energy, caused by both population growth and economic activity, is a problem for many nations throughout the world. Consequently, they have to find a way to meet energy demand while also making sure it is inexpensive and sustainable. The use of renewable energy has gradually become one that is being given a lot of attention since it does not cause any harm to the environment. On the other hand, renewable energy is gaining popularity for a variety of different reasons. A paradigm shift toward renewable resources is relevant, as they have the ability to lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decrease environmental consequences; this article will provide several reasons why renewable energy is attracting attention on a global scale. Indeed, renewable energy is plentiful, clean, and might one day provide all of our energy needs. A country's carbon footprint and reliance on fossil fuels may be reduced by investing in renewable energy sources. In addition, there are several health and environmental problems associated with air and water pollution; nevertheless, renewable energy may assist decrease these problems.

The Philippines has been listed as the topmost affected country by climate change. One of the sectors affected by this climatic change is the agricultural sector. This study aimed to document the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) on climate change among rice farmers as a baseline study in disseminating the practices on disaster risk reduction management to rice farmers in Central Luzon to reduce risks and improve the rice yield and income of rice farmers. A total of 969 respondents were randomly sampled from the seven provinces of Central Luzon. A survey questionnaire and an unstructured questionnaire were used as instruments in gathering the needed data. Descriptive and thematic analysis were used in analyzing the data. Results revealed that rice farmers are knowledgeable and have favorable attitudes toward the impact of climate change on farming. They sometimes practice climate-smart agricultural practices. Generally, the farmers are affected by weather and climatic conditions as well as the hazards that cause a reduction in rice yield. Climate change has affected farmers in their social well-being, economic aspect, and rice production. In terms of climate change disaster adaptation measures, the farmers sometimes adopt measures in terms of flood and drought and seldom adopt measures in typhoons, erosion, and volcanic eruptions. The study recommends the conduct of capability training on disaster risk reduction in rice production (such as early planting and planting of high-yielding varieties) based on the specific needs of each province.

The important source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is identified to be energy usage, which the demand is gradually increasing. Currently, many people are exposed to increasing temperatures, which affects to health, environment, and quality of life. Moreover, there are many worries about its continuously increasing trend. This work is interested in studying the association between the annual CO2 emission and the annual mean temperature in Thailand. At a confidence interval of 90%, a statistically significant association between the annual CO2 emission and the annual mean temperature was observed. The appropriate predictive equation represented that the CO2 emission at 0.481 M ton increased the annual mean temperature by about 1°C. The results are useful for planning the reduction of CO2 emissions in Thailand. Fascinatingly, the largest source comes from electricity production, and the most significant energy type is finished oil. Therefore, they should be controlled as the priority. Integrated methods are considered as more efficient strategies for the CO2 crisis.

Assessment of soil fertility is essential to help identify strategies for sustainable agricultural production systems that decrease the negative environmental impact. The objective of this research study is to carry out a preliminary assessment of soil fertility status to adopt climate-smart agriculture to address the climate change challenges that adversely affect crop productivity and livelihoods of the farming community. The research was carried out in Mambattu village, Maduranthakam block of Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu. A systematic set of twenty geo-referenced soil samples were collected from the study village using GPS (Global Positioning System) and analysed for pH, EC, available macro, secondary and micronutrients to develop a credible soil fertility index (SFI). The preliminary fertility data of Mambattu village revealed that the pH of soil samples varied from acidic to alkaline with about 40% as neutral while the electrical conductivity showed non-saline and medium status of Organic Carbon (OC). The soil samples were predominantly sufficient in N and some micro nutrients (Fe, Mn), while medium in S and B and deficient in P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu. Results from initial studies indicate that practices like site specific nutrient management, green manuring, use of organic inputs, use of integrated pest management, seed treatment etc., have a high potential for implementing climate-smart agricultural technologies. Soil fertility evaluation can be an efficient tool to improve soil health which can positively impact crop productivity and be one of the important climate-smart technologies practices adopted by the farmers.

Agriculture is located at the crossing point between ecosystems and society, where changes in the global environmental conditions affect agricultural activities. The total agricultural area in Abu Dhabi Emirate in 2017 was 749,868 donums. This study had two main objectives; first, to understand how agricultural and livestock production has changed and how these changes are relevant to socioeconomic statuses; second, to assess climate change’s impact on agricultural and livestock production through groundwater characteristics. We distributed and collected 301 surveys throughout the three main regions in the Abu Dhabi Emirate (Abu Dhabi City, Al-Ain City, and Al Dhafrah). The results indicated that approximately 68% of the respondents in Al-Ain agreed that it is currently much easier and more profitable to manage a farm than it was 20 years ago. Further, 39% of the farmers agreed that both product quality and quantity have improved over the past 20 years. About 51% of Emirati nationals agreed that production has changed over time. The farmers aged between 51-60 years also agreed that there has been a change in production over time. Half of the farm owners agreed that production has changed, while a majority of the workers provided neutral responses on this topic. While a number of both owners and workers agreed that both production and income levels changed, more respondents disagreed than agreed that these changes had occurred. Finally, the farmers aged between 51-60 years agreed more that the groundwater levels and quality had changed over the past 20 years.

World population is increasing at an alarming rate and is expected to reach about six billion by the end of year 2050. Increased hunger and malnourishment are challenging issues for all nations, especially those who are resource poor. Feeding of hunger-laden people of the world not only requires food in quantity but quality as well. Vegetables are protective foods embedded with vitamins, micronutrients, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds, which are necessary for correction of diseases and disorders. Moreover, cultivation of vegetables provides livelihood security through employment. But the complex process of growth and development is significantly affected by different agro-climatic factors and therefore, any environmental aberration due to climate change can impose unprecedented stress on this group of plants which may lead to complete failure of the crop in a grower’s field. Usually extreme temperatures, limited soil moisture, reduced availability of irrigation water, repeated flooding, increased acidity or salinity and soil erosion, high wind speed, increase in occurrence of hails and thunderstorms, frost damage and tsunamis etc., are the major limiting factors for optimum productivity besides the quality and consumer acceptance. Sudden change in climate also influences the status of soil fertility, occurrence of pests and diseases, host-pathogen interactions, soil microbial population and behaviour of the pollinators. Reduced production and productivity due to the development of genetically weakened seeds is the ultimate outcome of climate change which may invite a crisis in food reserve in the future. All these have significant effects on the total vegetable cultivation system on the planet, affecting the economic yield, which is of prime importance from grower’s point of view. Hence, there is a need to develop an understanding of the impacts and implications of climate change on vegetable cultivation for timely intervention to ameliorate its harmful effects.

The burning of crop residues (traditionally called ‘Parali’) has recently become a hot topic in India because it is presumed to be one of the reasons for abnormally high levels of air pollution in New Delhi, the capital city of India, after harvesting of Kharif crops during winter months. During the process of finding out a feasible solution for quick disposal of agricultural waste in a safer way, a novel method has been developed by the authors in which crop residue is converted into a useful product, biochar, which can be applied back to the fields for amendment of soil. It not only reduces the introduction of harmful gases into the environment but also improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil. This method is very simple and can be adopted by an individual farmer without much investment and technical skills. Many studies have been conducted on the factors involved in the production and use of biochar as a soil amendment; but in India, not much work has been carried out yet, as it is relatively a new concept in terms of using biomass for biochar production and application. Although biochar is not a new product, it has drawn the attention of researchers and other stakeholders in the near past because of its usefulness in improving the physical and chemical properties of the soil and at the same time reducing greenhouse gas emission, which is one of the biggest challenges for the modern world to protect the environment.

The present study attempted to observe the perception and adaptation strategies of farmers in the context of climate change. It observes that the majority of the farmers are aware of climate change and understand that they are facing problems due to it. The major problems faced by the farmers are the long duration of dryness due to lack of rainfall, weed pressure, very high temperatures, and crop disease. However, farmers are not very aware of technological adaptation and have changed the cropping time due to changes in the time of monsoon. The study recommends that there is a need for intensive micro and macro policy initiatives in terms of modern green sustainable technology along with awareness and skill development of the farmers. The government should also focus more on policy initiatives for sustainable agricultural practices in line with sustainable development goals.

The relationship between trade and climate change is not a simple linear relationship. In this paper, using the threshold regression model, we estimated the effect of trade on climate change in South Africa. The paper applied the LM test to examine the nonlinear inference approach to test whether nonlinearity existed and if the threshold model was relevant to the study. The results show that when energy use is set as the threshold variable, the relationship between trade and climate change measured as methane is U-shaped. Also, in other models of GHG as climate change indicators, the results show that the effect of trade on climate change is not dynamic. This result supports the idea that high and low trade effects may have different impacts on climate change indicators. It is, therefore, recommended that all exporters in South Africa resort to more innovative environmental mechanisms to reduce the contribution to climate. The suggestion for future studies is to consider exports of different sectors to climate change. This approach will avoid the generalization of exporting firms as the worst emitters.

Due to the very coarse spatial resolution of the different global circulation model (GCM), we cannot use them in their natural form to study the various impacts of climate change. For matching this spatial inequality between the GCMs output (predictor) and historical precipitation data (predictands), we need to establish a relation between them which is known as downscaling. In the present study, we tried to examine the efficiency of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for downscaling the rainfall for 3 districts of Andhra Pradesh of India. Firstly, for all the regions, the downscaling was performed by using ANN. Then seasonal and annual analysis was performed based on the R2 and RMSE. The results show that the ANN worked adequately based on the statistical parameters. The study uses the Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, re-analysis from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) as GCM model, and observed rainfall data as the observed rainfall. The analysis was performed for the three RCPs scenario, RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5. Finally, the ANN model is applied to downscale the precipitation.