The widespread adoption of genetically modified, glyphosate-tolerant corn and soybean varieties in US crop production has led to a dramatic increase in glyphosate usage. Though present at or below regulatory limits currently set for human foodstuffs, the concentration of glyphosate in companion animal feed is currently unknown. In the present study, 18 commercial companion animal feeds from eight manufacturers were analyzed for glyphosate residues using ELISA. Every product contained detectable glyphosate residues in the range of 7.83 × 10¹–2.14 × 10³ μg kg⁻¹ dry weight, with the average and medians being 3.57 × 10² and 1.98 × 10² μg kg⁻¹ respectively. Three products were tested for within-bag variation and six were tested for lot to lot variation. Little within-bag variation was found, but the concentration of glyphosate varied by lot in half of the products tested. Glyphosate concentration was significantly correlated with crude fiber content, but not crude fat or crude protein. Average daily intakes by animals consuming feeds containing the median glyphosate concentration are estimated to result in exposures that are 0.68–2.5% of the Allowable Daily Intake (ADI) for humans in the US and EU, which are 1750 and 500 μg kg⁻¹ respectively. Consumption of the most contaminated feed, however, would result in exposure to 7.3% and 25% of the above ADIs, though the relevance of such an exposure to companion animals is currently unknown.Companion animal feeds contained 7.83 × 10¹–2.14 × 10³ μg kg⁻¹ glyphosate which is likely to result in pet exposure that is 4–12 times higher than that of humans on a per Kg basis.

In this study, a mixed-level orthogonal array design was employed for the optimum conditions of breeding housefly larvae by food waste. The results showed that the effects of these factors on the weight of 50 larvae, larvae yield, and crude protein content were the culture substrate ratio > the breeding density > the feeding mode. The optimum conditions for the housefly larvae to convert food waste were as follows: culture substrates ratio 1:3, breeding density 10.0 g/kg, and all substance added on the first day. The optimum food waste mass reduction rate was 79.1–83.6%. The value of the essential amino acids (Eaa)/ the total amino acids (Taa) (45.1%) and E/the nonessential amino acid (Naa) values (0.83%) in the housefly larvae products met the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) requirements for feed protein. The crude fat content (30.1 ± 1.18%) was higher than of the housefly larvae after bioconversion of pig manure (22.0%) and the fish meal standard of China. The contents of total nutrients (N+P+K ≥ 5.5%) and heavy metals (Pb ≤ 0.40 mg/kg, Cr ≤ 1.50 mg/kg, Cd ≤ 0.40 mg/kg) in the residues of this study met the Chinese standard for organic fertilizer. Tilapia raised with the dried housefly larvae showed the best growth performance and nutrient concentrations in the experiment groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the trace elements concentration in tilapia raised with the four kinds of feeds complied with the maximum levels of contaminants in foods in both China and WHO. These findings show that the housefly larvae products that converted food waste are suitable for use in the production of fish feed.

Corbicula fluminea (C. fluminea) is one of the mollusc species commonly eaten as a popular snack in Kelantan, Malaysia. This species contributes to the local economic activity. However, the handling process of C. fluminea at different processing stages (raw, smoke and selling stages) is believed to have affected the nutritional value in their soft tissue. Hence, this study aims to provide information about the chemical content (moisture, crude fat, ash, crude protein and carbohydrate) of C. fluminea and fatty acid of smoked C. fluminea at different processing stages. Samples were collected from Pasir Mas and Tumpat, Kelantan, Malaysia. The chemical content analysis was carried out based on the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard procedures. The results have indicated that moisture (80.93 ± 0.37%) and crude fat (10.82 ± 0.21%) in C. fluminea were significantly higher (p < 0.05) at the raw stage. On the other hand, the ash (2.09 ± 0.03%) and crude protein (9.45 ± 0.42%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) at smoked stage. Meanwhile, carbohydrate (3.39 ± 0.49%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) at the selling stage. The fatty acid percentage of smoked C. fluminea indicates that the total saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was higher than the total of both monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The obtained data indicates that the composition percentage of omega-6 (n-6) in PUFA is significantly greater than omega-3 (n-3). The n-6/n-3 ratio of smoked C. fluminea is 2.95–3.11 and therefore can be considered as a healthy diet. The findings of this study can improve consumers’ health through sufficient nutrient consumption and also provide economic benefits by increasing sellers’ income in Kelantan.