Concrete, a cement-based product is the highest manufactured and second highest consumed product after water on earth. Across the world, production of cement is the most energy and emission intensive industry hence, the cement industry is currently under pressure to reduce greenhouse gases emissions (GHGEs). However, reducing the GHGEs of the cement industry especially for developing country like India is not an easy task. Cement manufacturing industry needs to focus on significant climate change mitigation strategies to reduce the GHGEs to sustain its production. This study aims at identifying significant climate change mitigation strategies of the cement manufacturing industry in the context of India. Extant literature review and expert opinion are used to identify climate change mitigation strategies of the cement manufacturing industry. In the present study, a model projects by applying both AHP and DEMATEL techniques to assess the climate change mitigation strategies of the cement industry. The AHP technique help in establishing the priorities of climate change mitigation strategies, while the DEMATEL technique forms the causal relationships among them. Through AHP, the results of this research demonstrate that Fuel emission reduction is on top most priority while the relative importance priority of the main remaining factors is Process emission reduction - Electric energy-related emission - Emission avoidance and reduction - Management mitigation measures. The findings also indicate that the main factors, Process emission reduction, and Fuel emission reduction are categorized in cause group factors, while the remaining factors, Electric energy-related emission, Emission avoidance and reduction and Management mitigation measures are in effect group factors. Present model will help supply chain analysts to develop both short-term and long-term decisive measures for effectively managing and reducing GHGEs.

In developing countries, many urban rivers are suffering from heavy contamination by untreated sewage, which implies great microbial risks. However, information regarding the bacterial pathogen diversity and distribution in urban rivers is highly limited. In this study, 41 water samples of fifteen rivers and eight samples from two sewage treatment plants in Changzhou City of Yangtze River Delta were sampled. Next-generation sequencing and a self-built reference pathogen database were used to investigate the diversity of enteric and environmental pathogens. The results indicated that the studied urban rivers were harboring diverse potential pathogen species, which primarily included enteric pathogens in Arcobacter and Bacteroides, and environmental pathogens in Acinetobacter, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas. Quantification of twelve pathogens/indicators of interest by qPCR showed that Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Campylobacter jejuni, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Aeromonas spp. were abundant, with median values ranging from 3.30 to 5.85 log10 copies/100 mL, while Salmonella, Legionella pheumophila, Mycobacterium avium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were infrequently quantified. The pollution of nutrients and human intestinal microorganisms indicated by specific markers were found to be prevalent but with different levels in the rivers. The correlation analyses revealed that the diversity (p < 0.01) and concentrations (p < 0.05) of the enteric pathogens highly correlated to the human fecal marker abundances, which indicated that the enteric pathogens in the urban rivers were likely to have originated from domestic sewage. The environmental pathogens, which are different from the enteric ones, showed various distribution patterns, and some of them were more abundant in the rivers of rich nutrient. Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the bacterial pathogen distribution and influencing factors in urban rivers that are impacted by domestic sewage, thereby establishing the foundation for urban water management.

The aim of this study was to determine the amount, composition and origin of plastic debris in one of the world largest river, the Paraná River in Argentina (South America), focusing on the impact of urban rivers, relationships among macro, meso and microplastic, socio-political issues and microplastic ingestion by fish.We recorded a huge concentration of macroplastic debris of domestic origin (up to 5.05 macroplastic items per m2) dominated largely by bags (mainly high- and low-density polyethylene), foodwrapper (polypropylene and polystyrene), foam plastics (expanded polystyrene) and beverage bottles (polyethylene terephthalate), particularly downstream from the confluence with an urban stream. This suggests inadequate waste collection, processing and final disposal in the region, which is regrettably recurrent in many cities of the Global South and Argentina in particular.We found an average of 4654 microplastic fragments m−2 in shoreline sediments of the river, ranging from 131 to 12687 microplastics m−2. In contrast to other studies from industrialized countries from Europe and North America, secondary microplastics (resulting from comminution of larger particles) were more abundant than primary ones (microbeads to cosmetics or pellets to the industry). This could be explained by differences in consumer habits and industrialization level between societies and economies.Microplastic particles (mostly fibres) were recorded in the digestive tract of 100% of the studied Prochilodus lineatus (commercial species).Contrary to recently published statements by other researchers, our results suggest neither macroplastic nor mesoplastics would serve as surrogate for microplastic items in pollution surveys, suggesting the need to consider all three size categories.The massive plastic pollution found in the Paraná River is caused by an inadequate waste management. New actions are required to properly manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.

Despite the endeavour to eradicate informal e-waste recycling, remediation of polluted sites is not mandatory in many developing countries and thus the hazard of pollutants remaining in soil is often overlooked. It is noteworthy that a majority of previous studies only analysed a few pollutants in e-waste to reflect the impact of informal e-waste recycling. However, the actual impact may have been largely underestimated since e-waste contains various groups of pollutants and the effect of some emerging pollutants in e-waste remains unexplored. Thus, this study examined the contamination of metals, PBDEs and AHFRs in the vicinity of an abandoned e-waste recycling site. The accumulation and translocation of these pollutants in rice plants cultivated at the nearby paddy field were measured to estimate the health risk through rice consumption. We revealed that the former e-waste burning site was still seriously contaminated with some metals (e.g. Sn, Sb and Ag, Igₑₒ > 5), PBDEs (Igₑₒ > 3) and AHFRs (Igₑₒ > 3), which can disperse to the nearby paddy field and stream. The rice plants can effectively absorb some metals (e.g. Mo, Cr and Mn, BCF > 1), but not PBDEs and AHFRs (BCF < 0.15), from soil and translocate them to the leaves. Alarmingly, the health risk through rice consumption was high primarily due to Sb and Sn (HQ > 20), whereas PBDEs and AHFRs had limited contribution (HQ < 0.08). Our results imply that abandoned e-waste recycling sites still act as the pollution source, jeopardising the surrounding environment and human health. Since some trace metals (e.g. Sb and Sn) are seldom monitored, the impact of informal e-waste recycling would be more notorious than previously thought. Remediation work should be conducted promptly in abandoned e-waste recycling sites to protect the environment and human health.

Few attempts have been made to systematically investigate the impacts of urbanization on PM₂.₅ concentrations in countries at different stages of economic development. In this study, a broad concept of urbanization that considers the transformations in the urban economy and the transport sector induced by urbanization is proposed to investigate the influence of urbanization on national PM₂.₅ concentrations for underdeveloped, developing and developed countries during 1998–2014. The results indicate that urbanization has a significant relationship with PM₂.₅ concentrations, but the magnitude of its influence varies among groups of countries with different development levels. First, the positive response of PM₂.₅ concentrations to increased urbanization and transport-related emissions in underdeveloped countries are noticeably stronger than that in developing and developed countries. Second, for developing countries, urbanization, transport-related emissions and industrialization all have a significant positive effect on national PM₂.₅ concentrations increase, although their impacts are unexpectedly smaller than those in the other groups of countries. Finally, increasing urbanization and the decrease in CO₂ emissions from manufacturing industry appear to reduce national average PM₂.₅ concentrations in developed countries, while the decrease in transport-related CO₂ emission is likely to cause the rise in national average PM₂.₅ concentrations.

This study evaluated -for the first time- the occurrence and distribution of total Hg in abiotic (dissolved and particulate water fractions) and biotic (gills and muscle tissues of six commercial fish species) compartments within a South American coastal environment with anthropogenic pressure. This study dealt with environmental issues on developing countries which, as they are in continuous growth, face the highest rate of coastal transformation.Total Hg content was determined by acid digestion and measured using a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results revealed that dissolved Hg exceeded the recommended levels for superficial saline waters in 67% of the cases. Hg concentrations varied among fish species and its tissues. The results suggested that metal burden in fishes achieved a mean maximum accumulation towards the muscle, with concentrations below the international maximum permitted values. The estimated daily intakes calculated suggest that people would not experience significant health risks through fish consumption.

Electronic waste (e-waste) has been widely studied by scholars all over the world, but the research topics and development trends in this field are still unclear. This study aimed to explore the status quo, hot topics, and future prospects in the field of e-waste. Data of publications were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection. We used CiteSpace V, Histcite, and VOSviewer to analyze literature information. A total of 2800 papers in e-waste research were identified, and the number of publications increased rapidly after 2004. Six thousand five hundred seventy-three authors participated in the e-waste research, but 70.01% of the authors published only 1 article. The most productive country in this field was China (1146 publications), and the most productive institution was the Chinese Academy of Sciences (370 publications). The Waste Management (225 publications) was the most productive journal, and Environment Science & Technology (9704 co-citations) was the most co-cited journal. The main hot topics in e-waste field were management and recycling of e-waste in developing countries, health risk assessment after exposure to organic pollutants, degradation and recovery of waste metal materials, and impact of heavy metals on children’s health. The frontier topic was degradation.

Climatic changes pose serious risks to the rural community’s livelihoods of many developing countries whereas people in mountainous regions are exposed to multiple hazards with limited livelihood resources and heavy dependence on natural resources. The objective of the current study is to assess the livelihood practices and adaptive capacity of a mountainous region of Pakistan, the Balakot, where people are highly vulnerable to climatic changes. The study uses a triangulation method to explore various issues and options of climate change risks sand adaptation and impact of well-being on resilience capacity and livelihood strategies. For this purpose, ten focus group discussions (FGDs) with carefully selected key informants and structured interviews with randomly selected 200 local households are conducted to evaluate different hazards and their associated livelihood effects. It is observed that the changing climate has significantly influenced livelihoods of the local community in the recent past through resource degradation, gradual unavailability of sufficient basic services (quantity and quality of drinking water, crop food diversity, fuel wood, and non-timber forest products), low agricultural productivity, and social inequity viz. income distribution, health, education, and food storage. Such a brunt is felt disproportionately more by poor households due to their low adaptive capacity to climate change with constrained livelihood resources. The study emphasizes the need for targeted efforts to move from coping strategies to adaptations among people considering their social inequalities. Timely information sharing, livelihood diversification and preservation of livelihood resources such as crop and forest production, livestock grazing, creating awareness on the pace, and pattern of climate change in the region and subsequent role of adaptation options are major interventions that should be emphasized by the public bodies.

Fifty biological sand filters (BSFs) housed in 70-L plastic containers were built and installed in the West Pokot County of Kenya. Half of the BSFs were installed in June 2010; the remainder were installed in June 2012. BSF performance was analyzed during June 2012 and 2015. Performance indicators included the removal of turbidity and fecal and total coliforms. In 2012, 17 of the original 25 BSFs installed were operational, and their performance was evaluated. In 2015, 15 of the BSFs were operational. BSF performance during 2015 showed an average fecal coliform removal of 98.9%. The most common reasons provided to explain why the BSF installed was no longer in use included the family moved and the BSF was too heavy to carry, and the effluent pipe broke. Relative affluence was observed using the Progress out of Poverty Index (PPI)™. With an increase in elevation, we noted a decrease in PPI. The average PPI for homesteads with operation BSFs was 10 points higher than homes where the BSFs were in disrepair. An assay to estimate Escherichia coli presence and concentration was modified, and the results were compared with more traditional field enumeration methods. The field assay used a five-compartment bag to quantify the most probable number (MPN) of E. coli to provide a low-tech option to field workers in developing country to test the viability of drinking water sources. We used a Hach medium, varying from that prescribed by Aquagenx. Results from using the modified method compared well with the more traditional field assay.

N₂O is a GHG of environmental concern. It is generated from the nitrous material contained in wastewater and is the sixth most important contributor to N₂O emissions. There is a great variety of methods to quantify the emission of N₂O in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), which present variants among them, such as predetermined values and operational data of the plants. In this paper, we compared three different methods to quantify the N₂O emission in 2015 from WWTP in two metropolitan areas with high population density: Mexico City and the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (MAB). MAB has advanced treatment plants that remove nutrients from wastewater, and Mexico City has only traditional treatment plants. The N₂O emission/inhabitant from WWTPs in MAB (3,214,211 inhabitants served) was 40% lower than the plants in Mexico City (1,806,440 inhabitants served). The MAB emission was 0.009 tCO₂e/inhabitant and 0.013 tCO₂e/inhabitant in Mexico City; these emission values could be considered statistically different with a risk error of 5%. This difference could be due to the fact that MAB has nutrient removal (42% of inhabitants served), and Mexico City has only traditional treatment plants. The results obtained may be influenced by the default emission factors of each methodology. In addition, per capita protein consumption and water consumption per inhabitant are different parameters that must be considered between these zones to quantify and compare the emission of N₂O. The integral methods are closer to the reality of the N₂O emission when the operating parameters of each plant and wastewater are considered. There should be more research on the reduction of this GHG in wastewater treatment for a correct quantification of these emissions, and more especially in the estimation of N₂O emission factors suitable for each treatment plant and study area.