The determination of the spatiotemporal patterns and driving factors of PM₂.₅ is of great interest to the atmospheric and climate science community, who aim to understand and better control the atmospheric linkage indicators. However, most previous studies have been conducted on pollution-sensitive cities, and there is a lack of large-scale and long-term systematic analyses. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of PM₂.₅ and its influencing factors by using an exploratory spatiotemporal data analysis (ESTDA) technique and spatial econometric model based on remote sensing imagery inversion data of the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), China, between 2000 and 2016. The results showed that 1) the annual value of PM₂.₅ was in the range of 23.49–37.67 μg/m³ with an inverted U-shaped change trend, and the PM₂.₅ distribution presented distinct spatial heterogeneity; 2) there was a strong local spatial dependence and dynamic PM₂.₅ growth process, and the spatial agglomeration of PM₂.₅ exhibited higher path-dependence and spatial locking characteristics; and 3) the endogenous interaction effect of PM₂.₅ was significant, where each 1% increase in the neighbouring PM₂.₅ levels caused the local PM₂.₅ to increase by at least 0.4%. Natural and anthropogenic factors directly and indirectly influenced the PM₂.₅ levels. Our results provide spatial decision references for coordinated trans-regional air pollution governance as well as support for further studies which can inform sustainable development strategies in the YREB.

China has become the largest coal consumer and important emitter of trace metals in the world. A multiple-year inventory of atmospheric copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) emissions from coal combustion in 30 provinces of China and 4 economic sectors (power plant, industry sector, residential sector, and others) for the period of 1995–2014 has been calculated. The results indicated that the total emissions of Cu and Zn increased from 5137.70 t and 11484.16 t in 1995–7099.24 t and 14536.61 t in 2014, at an annual average growth rate of 1.90% and 1.33%, respectively. The industrial sector ranked as the leading source, followed by power plants, the residential use, and other sectors. The emissions of Cu and Zn were predominantly concentrated in the northern and eastern regions of China due to the enormous consumption of coal by the industrial and the power sectors. The emissions of Cu and Zn were closely associated with mortality and life expectancy (LE) on the basis of multiple regression analysis. Spatial econometric models suggested that Cu and Zn emissions displayed significantly positive relevance with mortality, while they exhibited negative correlation with LE. The influence of the Cu emission peaked in the north of China for both mortality and LE, while the impacts of the Zn emission on mortality and LE reached a maximum value in Xinjiang Province. The results of the grey prediction model suggested that the Cu emission would decrease to 5424.73 t, whereas the Zn emissions could reach 17402.13 t in 2020. Analysis of more specific data are imperative in order to estimate the emissions of both metals, to assess their human health effects, and then to adopt effective measures to prevent environmental pollution.

Quantitating the health effects of employment history in factories, especially polluting ones, is essential for understanding the benefits or losses of industrialization in rural areas. Using a traced subset of nationwide panel data from 2005 covering five provinces, 101 villages, and 2026 households (collected recently in 2016) and the econometric models, this study estimated the effect of factory employment history on workers' health. The results showed that: the absolute number of factory workers increased from 1998 to 2015, and the proportion of factory workers was 7.68% in 2015; the absolute number and the proportion of farmers decreased from 63.84% in 1998 to 29.06% in 2015. Given that all the respondents live in rural areas, the HlthPlace (the first place the individual went to for their last illness in 2015) was selected as the main dependent variable of interest, and Hlthexp (Healthcare expenditure per person at last illness in 2015) and self-reported health were used as auxiliary dependent variables. The findings revealed that, after controlling the characteristics of individual, household, hospital and area, a one year increase of factory employment history corresponded to a 0.035 level increase in the probability of people choosing high-level hospital (p < 0.01) and a 237.61 yuan increase in healthcare expenditure (p < 0.1). The results also showed the adverse effect of self-reported health on factory employment history (p < 0.01). In addition, the relationship between the farming history and health was evaluated, and the econometric results showed that compared with factory employment history, farming history had opposite impacts on health (p < 0.01). Finally, the robustness check showed that the empirical results were reliable and that the initial results were robust. Generally, this study revealed the effect of overall factory employment on health, which is a useful research supplement to the studies on the health effects of specific pollution exposure.

Coastal regions are characterized by intense human activity and climatic pressures, often intensified by competing interests in the use of marine waters. To assess the effect of public spending on the regional economy, an econometric model is here proposed. Not only are the regional investment and the climatic risks included in the model, but also variables related to the anthropogenic pressure, such as population, economic activities and waste production. Feedback effects of economic and demographic expansion on the pollution of coastal areas are also considered. It is found that dangerous waste increases with growing shipping and transportation activities and with growing population density in non-touristic coastal areas. On the other hand, the amount of non-dangerous wastes increases with marine mining, defense and offshore energy production activities. However, lower waste production occurs in areas where aquaculture and touristic industry are more exploited, and accompanied by increasing regional investment in waste disposal.

Within the context of coordination level between state and central government, we develop an econometric model to estimate the association between income and ambient air pollution, considering the societal preferences jointly influenced by the citizens and the government. We obtain empirical evidence supporting our hypothesis that state level coalition government can effectively improve quality of environment by means of reducing ambient air pollution level. This impact can be increased or decreased based on the societal preferences of the citizens, based on the area of inhabitance and irrespective of the choice of pollutants.

Facing the growing problem of carbon emission pollution, the scientific and reasonable division of environmental management power between governments is the premise and institutional foundation for realizing China’s carbon emission reduction target in 2030. In this article, we directly assess the degree of environmental decentralization according to the allocation of environmental managers among different levels of government. By incorporating fiscal decentralization indicators, the provincial panel data and dynamic spatial econometric model are used to empirically test the impact of environmental decentralization on carbon emissions from a spatial perspective. The results show that (1) China’s provincial carbon emissions have significant inertia dependence and spatial path dependence. The increase (decrease) of provincial carbon emissions will lead to the increase (decrease) of carbon emissions in neighboring regions. (2) At the national level, environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization, and environmental monitoring decentralization significantly reduce China’s carbon emissions, while environmental supervision decentralization and fiscal decentralization significantly increase carbon emissions. Similarly, the interaction of environmental decentralization and its decomposition indicators and fiscal decentralization also significantly promotes carbon emissions, and the impact is related to the types of environmental management decentralization. (3) The carbon emission effects of environmental decentralization in different regions are heterogeneous. The inhibition effect of environmental decentralization, environmental administrative decentralization, and environmental monitoring decentralization on carbon emissions in the western region is significantly greater than that in the eastern and central regions, but the inhibitory effect of the interaction of environmental decentralization and its decomposition index and fiscal decentralization on carbon emissions in the eastern region was significantly stronger than that in the central and western regions. The above results provide theoretical support for China to construct a differentiated carbon emission environmental management system from two aspects of regional differences and environmental management power categories.

The balance between economic development and environmental governance has always been the focus of attention, and this has become a key issue facing in China. In recent years, the means of improving the environment through taxation are common, and it is more in line with China’s national conditions. Carbon tax and fuel tax are considered to be effective environmental supervision measures, and the implementation of this policy is bound to have a critical impact on the advance of economic level. However, the implementation effects of these two mechanisms may be different, and they may also have various effects on regional development. Therefore, based on the panel data of China’s 29 provinces from 2008 to 2018, we adopt the spatial autocorrelation method to explore the relationship between the economic levels of various areas. Then, establishing the panel spatial econometric model of economic growth and carbon tax, economic growth and fuel tax respectively to compare the implementation effects of the two tax policies. It turns out that there is a positive correlation between the economic growth of 29 provinces in China. And whether choosing to levy carbon tax or fuel tax, they all have their own advantages and disadvantages. Finally, according to the results of empirical analysis results, some relevant policy suggestions are put forward.

The collaborative agglomeration of manufacturing and producer services is an essential tool for the green transformation of China’s economic model. This paper explores the impact of industrial collaborative agglomeration on carbon intensity, using the spatial Durbin model (SDM) based on China’s provincial panel data from 2012 to 2019. The empirical results indicate that there is an inverted N-shaped relationship between industrial collaborative agglomeration and carbon intensity, with the turning points of 2.5255 and 2.8575. Regional industrial collaborative agglomeration tends to initially reduce carbon intensity, then aggravates to carbon emission, then finally inhibits carbon intensity. There is an obvious heterogeneity in the impact of producer-service subsectors and manufacturing collaborative agglomeration on carbon intensity. When the industrial collaborative agglomeration level exceeds a certain threshold, the clustering of information transmission, software and information technology service, and financial intermediation service have the greatest emission reduction potential. Industrial collaborative agglomeration has obvious spatial spillover effect, and carbon intensity has obvious spatial convergence effect. This paper provides some novelties for research perspectives on carbon intensity reduction and theoretical references for the development and implementation of differentiated industrial collaborative agglomeration policies.

Climate change is a serious threat to global agriculture and the farming community is well aware of this challenge. This is the first empirical study that looks beyond the traditional studies only limited to the adoption of climate change measures by estimating the impact of adopted practices on technical efficiency and computing the actual level of fertilizer at the farm level. For this purpose, face-to-face interviews were conducted for data collection with 196 farmers selected through multiple stage simple random sampling in the wheat–maize mix cropping zone of Punjab province. The results depicted that changing fertilizer was the most commonly adopted strategy (76%) to negate the effects of climate changes on crop production. Stochastic frontier analysis results revealed that the adoption of diversification practices, soil and water conservation practices, and modern input use strategies were influential factors explaining the technical efficiency differential among different farmers. The average technical efficiency score was 0.71 in the locality implying that farmers have an opportunity to increase their farm efficiency by 29% with the present level of inputs. Moreover, adopters of modern input practices with a high index were 27% more efficient than those with a low adaptation index of these climate countering measures. The empirical results also revealed the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer to counter the climate change impacts at the agricultural farms. This result has important policy implications for government agencies that it is not enough just to guide and motivate the farmers to adopt certain strategies to negate the effect of climate change. They should also be informed about the exact usage level of those suggested measures.

Based on panel data from 30 provinces over the period of 2003–2016, this study uses the spatial econometric model to examine the effect of green credits on carbon productivity. The research findings show that there is a significant positive correlation between green credits and carbon productivity among provinces during this period. Provinces with high levels of carbon productivity (green credits) are also geographically adjacent or economically close to provinces with high levels and vice versa. Regression results of the whole sample show that green credits not only promote carbon productivity, but also have a positive spatial spillover effect. Similar regression results using regional sub-samples indicate that the direct promotion effect and spatial spillover effect of green credits on carbon productivity are more obvious in the central and western regions than in the eastern parts of the country. The research findings have important and relevant policy implications as far as the relationship between green credits and carbon productivity is concerned.