Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon profile of Kpite oil spill impacted site in Rivers state, Nigeria was evaluated to determine the level of contamination of the soil. Four composite oil impacted soil samples were collected at different depths; surface (0-15cm) and subsurface (15-30cm) after a field reconnaissance. Extraction of the oil was carried out on the soil samples and the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons were quantified using the Gas Chromatography- flame ionization detector. Results showed that Naphthalene was the most abundant in the range of 0.25 to 1.49 mg kg-1. Fluoranthene followed closely with concentrations in the range of 0.01 to 1.28 mg kg-1. PAHs like Benzo (k) fluoranthene, Benzo (e) pyrene, Dibenzo (a, h)anthracene, Indeno (1, 2, 3-cd) pyrene and Benzo (g, h, i) showed low concentrations of less than 0.01 indicating that strong weathering had occurred. The diagnostic ratios such as Phenanthrene/Anthracene (Phen/Anth), Benzo (a) anthracene Chrysene ((BaA)/Chry) and Fluoranthene/Pyrene (Flth/Py) and sum of chrysene/Phenanthrene ΣChry/ΣPhen were calculated and used to unravel the source of hydrocarbons. Results showed ratios of Flth/Py >1.0 and Phen/Anth ranges from 1.19 to 2.03 (< 10) which denote contamination sources, implying that the hydrocarbon sources are not just petrogenic but rather may due to contamination sources of combustion processes or the area was exposed to bush burning.

The primary goal of this study was to isolate hydrocarbon-degrading organisms and assess their ability to bioremediate petroleum-contaminated soil and water. Nigeria is one of the major oil producing countries and petroleum contamination is widespread in agricultural soil. Alcaligenes sp. strain 3k was isolated from a kerosene-polluted soil in Ilorin, Nigeria. We also assessed its ability to degrade plant lignin, as lignin is a complex aromatic heteropolymer commonly found in soil and aquifer environment.  Strain 3k was originally grown on mineral salts medium with kerosene as a sole energy and carbon source. The capacity of the isolate to degrade both aromatic, aliphatic hydrocarbons and lignin-like compounds was tested. Among the tested compounds, the organism utilized kerosene, hexadecane, cyclohexane, phenol and benzoate as the sole sources of carbon. In addition, strain 3k also degraded various lignocellulose compounds as the sole source of carbon.  However, hexane, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were not metabolized. Our study demonstrates that soil organisms like Alcaligenes could play important role in the reclamation of petroleum-contaminated soil and water.  Utilization capacity of lignin as the sole carbon source suggest that these organisms can survive on plant detritus and also have the ability to degrade hydrocarbons upon accidental or deliberate contamination of agricultural soil and water.

Phytoremediation is an emerging green technology that uses plants and their associated microbes to remediate different environments contaminated with various pollutants. Phytoremediation, as an effective soil remediation technology, has gained popularity in the past ten years both in developed and developing countries. The main goal of the current article is to improve the understanding of phytoremediation of organic pollutants with emphasis on hydrocarbons. To design phytoremediation systems and also enhancement of their efficiency, either in laboratory or in field experiments, there is a serious need for better knowledge of phytoremediation mechanisms and also of factors affecting phytoremediation. In addition to phytoremediation applications, advantages, and limitations, its mechanisms and related new developments have been discussed in this article.

Environmental pollution has posed a major threat to terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems, thereby affecting microflora and micro-fauna populations. This study assessed the growth attributes of maize plants on crude oil-polluted soils amended with agro-wastes. Six kilograms each of composite soil sample was weighed and transferred into one hundred and fifty labeled plastic buckets with drainage holes for soil aeration and spiked with 300mls each of crude oil, allowing for 14 days of soil acclimatization. Soil amendments such as groundnut husks, cassava peels, empty fruit bunch of oil palm, and maize cob powder were applied and allowed for 90 days. Maize seeds were sowed, while periodic data were collected and subjected to a three-way ANOVA. The result obtained revealed that maize seeds grown on agro-wastes treated and pristine control soils show early seed germination than the crude oil-polluted control soil. The plant height obtained for GnH14P + MaC14P at 10% was the highest with a mean (of 152.81cm2), and the leaf area of the maize from soil treated with GnH14P + EFBOP14P at 10% had the highest mean (756cm2), the leaf length of maize from soil treated with GnH14P + CasP14P at 3%, 6%, and 10% was the highest with mean ranging (54-97 cm2) with no significant difference in mean values obtained. The stem girth, number of leaves, and leaf width were generally improved in the bio-remediated soils. The result for the yield performance of maize shows that the days to flowering were shortened in the bio-remediated soil compared to the prolonged flowering days observed in the crude-oil polluted control. The number of seeds per cob was high in the bio-remediated soils while no seed was obtained in the crude-oil-polluted control soils. It can be concluded that the ameliorated treatment with the agro-wastes improves the performance of maize plants in crude oil-polluted soils.

International audience | Abstract There is an urgent need by the European Union to establish baseline levels for many widespread pollutants and to set out specific levels for these under the Zero pollution action plan. To date, few systematic reviews, superseded by bibliometric analyses, have explored this issue. Even less research has been carried out to compare the efficacy of these two data extraction approaches. This study aims to address these two issues by i) constructing an inventory of the available information on urban soils, highlighting evidence gaps and measuring compliance with the Zero pollution action plan, and by ii) comparing the methods and results of these two data extraction approaches. Through Scopus and Web of Science databases, peer-reviewed articles using the terms urban soil in combination with specific urban soil threats and/or challenges were included. Notably, both approaches retrieved a similar number of initial articles overall, while the bibliometric analysis removed fewer duplicates and excluded fewer articles overall, leaving the total number of articles included in each approach as: 603 articles in the systematic review and 2372 articles in the bibliometric analysis. Nevertheless, both approaches identified the two main urban soil threats and/or challenges to be linked to soil organic carbon and/or heavy metals. This study gives timely input into the Zero pollution action plan and makes recommendations to stakeholders within the urban context.

Inputs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of regulatory interest from diffuse atmospheric sources within urban areas frequently elevate local soil concentrations to levels requiring remediation despite the lack of in-situ contamination. This research sought to determine the distribution and potential health effects of aerially deposited PAHs in soil within the urban core of metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A. as part of a soil regulatory standards reevaluation. Park areas (n = 27) identified as undisturbed for 80+ years, containing no fill material, and receiving only atmospheric deposition were selected for composite surface and 92 cm core soil sample collection (n = 295). Samples were analyzed for the 16 USEPA priority PAHs, 1- and 2- methylnapthalene and ancillary soil properties. Soil core and ancillary data confirm lack of site disturbance. PAH diagnostic ratios and homologue summations indicate that diffuse multiple point source emissions contribute equally to PAH deposition throughout the area. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and dibenz(a,h)anthracene mean concentrations exceed health-based clean up levels. Risk assessment shows only a worst-case exposure scenario (BaP at the 95% upper confidence limit) increasing cancer risk (1.67 × 10⁻⁶) over current regulatory thresholds (1.0 × 10⁻⁶). Health quotients show potential health risks from fluoranthene and pyrene for daily park users and from BaP for all others. Mean soil PAH values are similar to New Orleans, but lower than Chicago, Boston, and London reflecting industrial history and site selection protocols. The soil PAH results presented here for sites selected for non-manipulated soils combined with an almost 100-year uninterrupted atmospheric exposure effectively show the maximum potential PAH values that can be found at any given undisturbed location within the Milwaukee urban core due solely to atmospheric deposition.

Oil-contaminated soils resulted from drilling activities can cause significant damages to the environment, especially for living organisms. Treatment and management of these soils are the necessity for environmental protection. The present study investigates the field study of seven oil-contaminated soils treated by different stabilization/solidification (S/S) methods, and the selection of the best treated site and treatment method. In this study, first, the ratios of consumed binders to the contaminated soils (w/w) and the treatment times for each unit of treated soils were evaluated. The ratios of consumed binders to the contaminated soils were between 6 and 10% and the treatment times for each unit of treated soils were between 4.1 and 18.5 min/m³. Physicochemical characteristics of treated soils were also determined. Although S/S methods didn’t change the water content of treated soils, they increased the porosity of soils. Unexpectedly, the cement-based S/S methods didn’t increase the pH of the treated soils. The highest and the lowest leaching of petroleum hydrocarbons was belonging to S/S using diatomaceous earth (DE) and the combination of Portland cement, sodium silicate and DE (CS-DE), respectively. The best acid neutralization capacity was obtained for soils treated using the combination of Portland cement and sodium silicate (CS). Based on the best-worst multi-criteria decision-making method (BWM-MCDM), the soils treated using CS-DE was select as the best. The BWM-MCDM can be used as an effective tool for the selection of the best alternative in all areas of environmental decontamination.