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Atmospheric Bronze and Copper Corrosion as an Environmental Indicator. A Study Based on Chemical and Sulphur Isotope Data
2001
Nord, A. G. | Tronner, K. | Boyce, A. J.
Corrosion products have been takenfrom 130 copper or bronze outdoor objects all overEurope. Their chemical composition and crystalsymmetry have been determined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray powderdiffraction. Data on location, sampling, objectcharacteristics, general environment and air pollutionlevel; type, colour and chemical composition of thecorrosion layers have been obtained and evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis. The resultsverify that the highest air pollution levels are usually associated with the occurrence of thick,black or dark grey corrosion layers on copper orbronze objects, preferentially containing soot, ironoxide hydroxides, and antlerite,Cu₃(SO₄)(OH)₄. Pale green corrosionusually contains brochantite,Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆, and is rather associatedwith less polluted areas. Atacamite, a copper hydroxide chloride with the chemical formula Cu₂Cl(OH)₃, is preferentially observed in coastal regions.In addition, sulphur isotope analyses have beenperformed on eleven corrosion samples from citycenters. The δ³⁴S values are typically inthe region from +4 to +6‰ relative to the sulphurisotope standard CDT (Canyon Diablo Troilite) with amean value of 4.7±1.2 (1σ), therebyindicating that the sulphur in the corrosion layers,in the form of brochantite or antlerite, mainlyoriginates from a similar source despite geographicvariation, most likely sulphur contained in air pollutants.
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