Chlordecone was applied between 1972 and 1993 in banana fields of the French West Indies. This resulted in long-term pollution of soils and contamination of waters, aquatic biota, and crops. To assess pollution level and duration according to soil type, WISORCH, a leaching model based on first-order desorption kinetics, was developed and run. Its input parameters are soil organic carbon content (SOC) and SOC/water partitioning coefficient (Koc). It accounts for current chlordecone soil contents and drainage water concentrations. The model was valid for andosol, which indicates that neither physicochemical nor microbial degradation occurred. Dilution by previous deep tillages makes soil scrapping unrealistic.Lixiviation appeared the main way to reduce pollution. Besides the SOC and rainfall increases, Koc increased from nitisol to ferralsol and then andosol while lixiviation efficiency decreased. Consequently, pollution is bound to last for several decades for nitisol, centuries for ferralsol, and half a millennium for andosol.

International audience | In rural areas, nitrate concentrations in surface waters most often originate from the leaching of excess N fertilizer in agricultural lands, whereas forested catchments often have good water quality. However, Douglas-fir plantations may induce nitrogen cycle unbalances which may lead to an excess of nitrate production in the soil. We hypothesize that the excess of production of nitrate in the soil and nitrate leaching to streamwater is greater in catchments planted with Douglas fir. We used paired catchments in both France and Luxembourg with different land covers (Douglas-fir, Spruce, Deciduous, Grassland and clearcut) which were monitored over a 3-5 year period in order to assess the effect of Douglas-fir plantations on the chemical composition of surface water. Nitrate concentration in the soil and groundwater were also monitored. The results show that nitrate concentrations in streams draining Douglas-fir catchments were two to ten times higher than in streams draining other land covers, but were similar to the clearcut catchment. Nitrate concentrations under Douglas-fir in groundwater (up to 50 mg L-1) and in the soil were also higher than under all other land covers. Soil nitrate concentration was related to stream nitrate concentration. This suggests that soil processes, through excessive nitrate production under Douglas-fir, are driving the nitrate concentration in the stream water and our hypothesis of a transfer of a fairly large proportion of this excessive production from the soil to the stream is supported. This study also shows that nitrate concentrations in surface and ground waters in rural areas could also originate from Douglas fir forested catchments. The impact of Douglas-fir is nevertheless reduced downstream through a dilution effect: mixing tree species at the catchment scale could thus be a solution to mitigate the effect of Douglas-fir on nitrate concentration in surface waters.

International audience | Assessing the ecological risk of combined pollution, especially from a holistic perspective with the consideration of the overarching functions of soil ecosystem, is crucial and beneficial to the improvement of ecological risk assessment (ERA) framework. In this study, four soils with similar physicochemical properties but contrasting heavy metals contamination levels were selected to explore changes in the integrated functional sensitivity (MSI), resistance (MRS) and resilience (MRL) of soil microbial communities subjected to herbicide siduron, based on which the ecological risk of the accumulation of siduron in the four studied soils were evaluated. The results suggested that the microbial biomass carbon, activity of denitrification enzyme and nitrogenase were indicative of MSI and MRS, and the same three parameters plus soil basal respiration were indicative of MRL. Significant dose-effect relationships between siduron residues in soils and MSI, MRS and MRL under combined pollution were observed. Heavy metal polluted soils showed higher sensitivity and lower resistance to the additional disturbance of herbicide siduron due to the lower microbial biomass, while the resilience of heavy metal polluted soils was much higher due to the pre-adaption to the chemical stresses. The quantifiable indicator microbial functional stability was incorporated in the framework of ERA and the results showed that the accumulation of siduron in the studied soils could exhibit potential harm to the integrated functional stability of soil microbial community. Thus, this work provides insights into the application of integrated function of soil microbial community into the framework of ERA.

International audience | The cocktail of pesticides sprayed to protect crops generates a miscellaneous and generalized contamination of water bodies. Sorption, especially on soils, regulates the spreading and persistence of these contaminants. Fine resolution sorption data and knowledge of its drivers are needed to manage this contamination. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of Mid-Infrared spectroscopy (MIR) to predict and specify the adsorption and desorption of a diversity of pesticides. We constituted a set of 37 soils from French mainland and West Indies covering large ranges of texture, organic carbon, minerals and pH. We measured the adsorption and desorption coefficients of glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and difenoconazole and acquired MIR Lab spectra for these soils. We developed Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) models for the prediction of the sorption coefficients from the MIR spectra. We further identified the most influencing spectral bands and related these to putative organic and mineral functional groups. The prediction performance of the PLSR models was generally high for the adsorption coefficients Kdads (0.4 < R 2 < 0.9 & RPIQ > 1.8). It was contrasted for the desorption coefficients and related to the magnitude of the desorption hysteresis. The most significant spectral bands in the PLSR differ according to the pesticides indicating contrasted interactions with mineral and organic functional groups. Glyphosate interacts primarily with polar mineral groups (OH) and difenoconazole with hydrophobic organic groups (CH2, C=C, COO-, CO , CO -C). 2,4-D has both positive and negative interactions with these groups. Finally, this work suggests that MIR combined with PLSR is a promising and cost-effective tool. It allows both the prediction of adsorption and desorption parameters and the specification of these mechanisms for a diversity of pesticides including polar active ingredients.

International audience | The use of reclaimed water in agriculture represents a promising alternative to relieve pressure on freshwater supplies, especially in arid or semiarid regions facing water scarcity. However, this implies introducing micropollutants such as pharmaceutical residues into the environment. The fate and the ecotoxicological impact of valsartan, an antihypertensive drug frequently detected in wastewater effluents, were evaluated in soil-earthworm microcosms. Valsartan dissipation in the soil was concomitant with valsartan acid formation. Although both valsartan and valsartan acid accumulated in earthworms, no effect was observed on biomarkers of exposure (acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase activities). The geometric mean index of soil enzyme activity increased in the soils containing earthworms, regardless of the presence of valsartan. Therefore, earthworms increased soil carboxylesterase, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-glucosidase, urease and protease activities. Although bacterial richness significantly decreased following valsartan exposure, this trend was enhanced in the presence of earthworms with a significant impact on both alpha and beta microbial diversity. The operational taxonomic units involved in these changes were related to four (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes) of the eight most abundant phyla. Their relative abundances significantly increased in the valsartan-treated soils containing earthworms, suggesting the presence of potential valsartan degraders. The ecotoxicological effect of valsartan on microbes was strongly altered in the earthworm-added soils, hence the importance of considering synergistic effects of different soil organisms in the environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical active compounds. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

41 ref. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2003.12.023 | International audience | Metal distribution patterns in superficial soil horizons of agricultural land affected by metallurgical point-source pollution were studied using optical and electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation and spectroscopy analyses. The site is located in northern France, at the center of a former entry lane to a bunker of World War II, temporarily paved with coarse industrial waste fragments and removed at the end of the war. Thin sections made from undisturbed soil samples from A and B horizons were studied. Optical microscopy revealed the occurrence of yellow micrometer-sized (Ap horizon) and red decamicrometer-sized spherulites (AB, B1g horizons) as well as distinct distribution patterns. The chemical composition of the spherulites was dominated by Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Ca, and P. Comparison of calculated Zn stocks, both in the groundmass and in spherulites, showed a quasi-exclusive Zn accumulation in these neoformed features. Their formation was related to several factors: (i) liberation of metal elements due to weathering of waste products, (ii) Ca and P supply from fertilizing practices, (iii) co-precipitation of metal elements and Ca and P in a porous soil environment, after slow exudation of a supersaturated soil solution in more confined mineral media.

International audience | Sulfidation is a major transformation product for manufactured silver nanoparticles (Ag-MNPs) in the wastewater treatment process. We studied the dissolution, uptake, and toxicity of Ag-MNP and sulfidized Ag-MNPs (sAg-MNPs) to a model soil organism, Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results show that reproduction was the most sensitive endpoint tested for both Ag-MNPs and sAg-MNPs. We also demonstrate that sulfidation not only decreases solubility of Ag-MNP, but also reduces the bioavailability of intact sAg-MNP. The relative contribution of released Ag+ compared to intact particles to toxicity was concentration dependent. At lower total Ag concentration, a greater proportion of the toxicity could be explained by dissolved Ag, whereas at higher total Ag concentration, the toxicity appeared to be dominated by particle specific effects. 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

International audience | Copper-based plant protection products (PPPs) are widely used in both conventional and organic farming, and to a lesser extent for non-agricultural maintenance of gardens, greenspaces, and infrastructures. The use of copper PPPs adds to environmental contamination by this trace element. This paper aims to review the contribution of these PPPs to the contamination of soils and waters by copper in the context of France (which can be extrapolated to most of the European countries), and the resulting impacts on terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity, as well as on ecosystem functions. It was produced in the framework of a collective scientific assessment on the impacts of PPPs on biodiversity and ecosystem services in France. Current science shows that copper, which persists in soils, can partially transfer to adjacent aquatic environments (surface water and sediment) and ultimately to the marine environment. This widespread contamination impacts biodiversity and ecosystem functions, chiefly through its effects on phototrophic and heterotrophic microbial communities, and terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. Its effects on other biological groups and biotic interactions remain relatively under-documented.

Competing ions strongly affect heavy metal sorption onto the solid surfaces of soil. This study evaluated competitive sorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn on three soils: Calcixerollic Xerochrept, Paralithic Xerorthent and Lithic Haplumbrept. Monometal and competitive sorption isotherms were obtained at 25°C. The individual effect of ions on retention of the others was ascertained by a fractional factorial analysis design. Most of the sorption isotherms belonged to type L subtype 2 in the classification of Giles. In competitive sorption the initial linear part was shorter and the knee sharper when compared with monometal sorption isotherms. Parameters related to sorptive capacity, such as Point B, Langmuir monolayer and Freundlich distribution coefficient, were higher in monometal than in competitive sorption, and in basic soils than in acidic soil. Calcium desorbed at different points of the sorption isotherms indicated that cationic exchange with Ca was the main retention mechanism in calcareous soils. For Pb, the ratio Ca desorbed/Pb sorbed was close to one; for Cu, Ni and Zn the ratio ranged from 1.20 to 1.37, probably due to partial dissolution of calcium carbonates by hydrolytic processes during retention. On the other hand, Cd had a ratio around 0.6 reflecting another additional retention mechanism, probably surface complexation. Fractional factorial design confirmed that the presence of the cations investigated reduced the amount of the five metals retained, but the presence of Cu and Pb in the system depressed Ni, Cd and Zn sorption more than the inverse. Cation mobility was enhanced when equilibrium concentration increased and the effect was higher in Ca-saturated soils.

International audience | It is essential to monitor pesticides in soils as their presence at trace levels and their bioavailability can induce adverse effects on soil's ecosystems, animals, and human health. In this study, we developed an analytical method for the quantification of traces of multi-class pesticides in soil using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In this way, 31 pesticides were selected, including 12 herbicides, 9 insecticides, and 10 fungicides. Two extraction techniques were first evaluated namely: the pressurized liquid extraction and the QuEChERS procedure. The latest one was finally selected and optimized, allowing extraction recoveries of 55 to 118 %. The addition of the chelating agent EDTA, which binds preferentially to soil cations that complex some pesticides, facilitates their extraction. Coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the procedure displayed very high sensitivity, with limits of quantification (LOQ) in the range 0.01-5.5 ng/g. A good linearity (R² >0.992) was observed over two orders of magnitude (LOQ-100×LOQ) with good accuracy (80%-120 %) for all compounds except the two pyrethroids lambda-cyhalothrin and tau-fluvalinate (accuracy comprised between 50 and 175%) and the cyclohexanedione cycloxydim (accuracy<35%). Good repeatability and reproducibility were also achieved. The method was finally successfully applied to 12 soil samples collected from 3 land-use types. Among the 31-targeted pesticides, 24 were detected at least once, with concentration levels varying from LOQ to 722 ng/g. Many values were below 0.5 ng/g, indicating that the developed method could provide new knowledge on the extremely low residual contents of some pesticides.