Straw and biochar amendments have been shown to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in arable land; however, their effects on hydrological fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which may offset the benefits of C sequestration amounts remain uncertain. Therefore, we conducted a three-year field study that included four treatments (CK, control with no fertilizer; NPK, synthetic N fertilizer; RSDNPK, synthetic N fertilizer plus crop residues; BCNPK, synthetic N fertilizer plus biochar of crop straw) to investigate the effects of straw and biochar amendment on DOC losses through hydrological pathways of overland flow and interflow from a wheat-maize rotation system in the subtropical montane agricultural landscape. We detected substantial intra- and inter-annual variations in runoff discharge, DOC concentration, and DOC fluxes for both overland flow and interflow pathways, which were primarily attributed to variations in rainfall amount and intensity. On average, the DOC concentrations for interflow (2.98 mg C L⁻¹) were comparable with those for overland flow (2.71 mg C L⁻¹) throughout the three-year experiment. However, average annual DOC fluxes for interflow were approximately 2.60 times greater than those for overland flow, which probably related to higher runoff discharges of interflow than overland flow. Compared to the control, on average, the N fertilization treatments significantly decreased the annual DOC fluxes of overland flow and significantly increased annual DOC fluxes of interflow. Relative to the application of synthetic N fertilizer only, on average, crop straw amendment practice significantly increased annual DOC fluxes of interflow by 28.7%, while decreasing annual DOC fluxes of overland flow by 12.0%; in contrast, biochar amendment practice decreased annual DOC fluxes of interflow by 25.3% while increasing annual DOC fluxes of overland flow by 44.6%. Overall, considering both overland flow and interflow, crop straw amendment significantly increased hydrological DOC fluxes, whereas biochar had no significant effects on hydrological DOC fluxes throughout the three-year experiment. We conclude that crop straw incorporation strategies that aim to increase SOC stocks may enhance hydrological losses of DOC, thereby in turn offsetting its benefits in the subtropical montane agricultural landscapes.

High-density culturing with excessive feeding of commercial feed has caused heavy metals pollution to agricultural production system. In this study, the dynamic changes and transfer of heavy metals in rice-crayfish coculture system (RCCS) and crayfish intensive culture system (CICS) within a completed culture cycle were systematically quantified. Our results showed that Cd in feed represented more than 50% of the total Cd input, and the inputs of As and Cr were mainly from irrigation. The residues of As and Pb in RCCS were slightly higher than those in CICS, while the residues of Cd and Cr in RCCS were far fewer than those in CICS. Moreover, the metal pollution index in CICS was 0.781, while it was 0.543 in the RCCS. Furthermore, a large proportion of the Cd and Pb in CICS was released into the external environment through drainage. Notably, the absorption and solidification of heavy metals by straw did not increase the residues of As and Pb in the major components of RCCS in the second year. Compared to CICS, RCCS did not produce many heavy metal residues or cause heavy metal discharge pressure on the external environment, and its food product had a low risk of heavy metal contamination.

Although microplastic pollution in the soil environment is currently an important research topic, few studies have focused on farmland soil in arid regions. This study investigated the abundances, sizes, polymer compositions, and forms of microplastics across nine agricultural plots cultivated with maize, sunflower, and potato (three of each crop) plants to determine the influences of different cropping characteristics and agricultural practices. The study area was within the arid region of the Ulungur River basin in Qinghe County, Altay, Xinjiang, China. The main forms of microplastics were fragments and fibers, and polyethylene was the dominant polymer (91.6%). The microplastic abundance ranged from 11 347 items/kgdw to 78 061 items/kgdw (mean of 52 081.7 items/kgdw). The abundance and proportion of microplastics with a diameter of <0.2 mm were significantly higher in the sunflower and maize plots (i.e., tall crops) than in the potato plots (i.e., short crops) (p < 0.05). This is due to straw residues affecting the migration and recovery of the mulch. The abundance and fragmentation of microplastics were significantly higher in the sunflower and maize plots where plastic mulch was extensively used because these tall crops anchored the mulch near their stem–root systems. The mulch was then slowly aged (e.g., via wind erosion) before being fragmented due to agricultural practices (e.g., mechanical plowing and residue retention). Although microplastics sourced from mulch are probably immobilized by straw residues in the short term, fragile and easily broken pieces of mulch are eventually released into the soil due to agricultural practices. The findings suggest that different cropping characteristics can affect the abundance and fragmentation of microplastics in agricultural soils, even within the same region, and thus the level and type of microplastic pollution. Traditional plastic mulch should be replaced with biodegradable mulch to reduce microplastic pollution in agricultural fields.

In-site remediation is a relatively promising and socially acceptable technique for heavy metal contaminated soils. But the key task is to select cost-effective and environment-friendly amendents for the consideration of practical application. Based on the property of four typical silicate wastes such as straw ash (SA), coal fly ash (CFA), ferronickel slag (FNS) and blast-furnace slag (BFS), effects of four wastes on available Cd content and Cd chemical speciation in amended soils, and physicochemical properties of the amended soils were carried out in the study. The results showed that four wastes were dominately composed of the amorphous phases with OH⁻ ions readily released. When the weight ratio of silicate wastes to artificial Cd-contaminated soils reached 10%, the available Cd contents decreased from 4.12 mg/kg in untreated soils to 1.94, 1.92, 1.45 and 1.53 mg/kg in amended soils by adding SA, CFA, FNS and BFS respectively, after the soils were amended for 30 days. The residual fraction of Cd (R) was 2.54, 2.48, 2.77 and 2.58 times higher in amended soil than that in untreated soil when SA, CFA, FNS and BFS was added, respentively. The soil pH and CEC were improved. The amended soils by adding SA and FNS were looser than those by adding CFA and BFS, and air permeability of the amended soils by SA was better than that by FNS.

Occurrence, behavior, and fate of 11 OPEs in multiple environmental matrices, which include air, rainwater, dustfall, paddy soil, irrigation water, and rice plants from nine subtropical paddy fields of South China, were investigated. The total concentrations of 11 OPEs (∑₁₁OPEs) in all matrices are generally higher in the urban areas than in rural areas, and they are higher in summer than in fall. However, both urban and rural areas showed a similar composition profile of OPEs, indicating that the OPEs come from similar sources in the two areas. Except for irrigation water, significant positive correlations of ∑₁₁OPEs were observed between air and the other five matrices. The exchange and partition of OPEs among air, soil, and water demonstrate that most of OPEs were transferred from air into water and soil, and from water into soil. Thus, the air may be an important source of OPEs in the paddy fields, and the soil may act as a principal environmental reservoir of OPEs. The contribution of air-soil exchange, atmospheric deposition (rainwater plus dustfall), and irrigation water to the total input fluxes of OPEs (2100 ± 980 ng/m²/day) reached an average of 19%, 38% (37% + 1%), and 43%, respectively. The water (rainwater plus irrigation water) is the primary medium transferring the OPEs into the paddy fields and contributed to the input flux by 80%. Output flux of OPEs via mature rice plants was about 220 μg/m², 2% of which were presented in rice, and the remaining 98% may be re-released into the environment through the pathway of straw turnover or burning. Dietary exposure via rice was much higher than inhalation exposure, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption via dust. However, no data shows that all of the intakes via the four exposure pathways could cause the risks to human health at present.

Cd in soils might be taken up by plants, enter the food chain and endanger human health. This study investigates the isotopic fractionation of major processes during the Cd transfer from soils to cereal grains. Thereto, soil, soil solution, wheat and barley plants (roots, straw and grains) were sampled in the field at three study sites during two vegetation periods. Cd concentrations and δ¹¹⁴/¹¹⁰Cd values were determined in all samples. The composition of the soil solution was analyzed and the speciation of the dissolved Cd was modelled. Isotopic fractionation between soils and soil solutions (Δ¹¹⁴/¹¹⁰Cd₂₀₋₅₀cₘ₋ₛₒᵢₗ ₛₒₗᵤₜᵢₒₙ = −0.61 to −0.68‰) was nearly constant among the three soils. Cd isotope compositions in plants were heavier than in soils (Δ¹¹⁴/¹¹⁰Cd₀₋₂₀cₘ₋ₚₗₐₙₜₛ = −0.55 to −0.31‰) but lighter than in soil solutions (Δ¹¹⁴/¹¹⁰Cdₛₒᵢₗ ₛₒₗᵤₜᵢₒₙ₋ₚₗₐₙₜₛ = 0.06–0.36‰) and these differences correlated with Cd plant-uptake rates. In a conceptual model, desorption from soil, soil solution speciation, adsorption on root surfaces, diffusion, and plant uptake were identified as the responsible processes for the Cd isotope fractionation between soil, soil solution and plants whereas the first two processes dominated over the last three processes. Within plants, compartments with lower Cd concentrations were enriched in light isotopes which might be a consequence of Cd retention mechanisms, following a Rayleigh fractionation, in which barley cultivars were more efficient than wheat cultivars.

Five types of crop residue (rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, and sugarcane) collected from different provinces in China were used to characterize the chemical components and bioreactivity properties of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions during open-burning scenarios. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were the most abundant components, contributing 41.7%–54.9% of PM2.5 emissions. The OC/EC ratio ranged from 8.8 to 31.2, indicating that organic matter was the dominant component of emissions. Potassium and chloride were the most abundant components in the portion of PM2.5 composed of water-soluble ions. The coefficient of divergence ranged from 0.27 to 0.51 among various emissions profiles. All samples exposed to a high PM2.5 concentration (150 μg/mL) exhibited a significant reduction in cell viability (A549 lung alveolar epithelial cells) and increase in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and interleukin 6 levels compared with those exposed to 20 or 0 μg/mL. Higher bioreactivity (determined according to LDH and interleukin 6 level) was observed for the rice, wheat, and corn samples than for the sorghum straw samples. Pearson's correlation analysis suggested that OC, heavy metals (chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, and barium), and water-soluble ions (fluoride, calcium, and sulfate) are the components potentially associated with LDH production.

Paddy soil plays an essential role in contributing to the emission of methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas, to the atmosphere. This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of straw incorporation and straw-derived biochar amendment on CH₄ emissions from double-rice cropping fields and to explore their potential mechanisms based on in-situ field measurements conducted for a period of three years (2012–2014) and model analysis. The results showed that the improved soil aeration due to biochar amendment resulted in low CH₄ emissions and that sufficient substrate carbon availability in straw amendment treatments caused high CH₄ emissions. The newly developed CH₄ emission module for the water and nitrogen management model (WNMM), a process-based biophysical model, performed well when simulating both daily CH₄ fluxes and the annual cumulative CH₄ emissions under straw incorporation and biochar amendment. Results of our study indicate that the model has a great potential for upscaling and could benefit mechanism analyses about the factors regulating CH₄ emissions. Application of biochar into paddy fields provides a great opportunity to reduce CH₄ emissions, and the decrease in CH₄ emissions following biochar amendment with repeated crop cycles would sustain for a prolonged period.

Cadmium (Cd) uptake and accumulation in crop plants, especially in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the main concerns for food security worldwide. A field experiment was done to investigate the effects of limestone, lignite, and biochar on growth, physiology and Cd uptake in wheat and rice under rotation irrigated with raw effluents. Initially, each treatment was applied alone at 0.1% and combined at 0.05% each and wheat was grown in the field and then, after wheat harvesting, rice was grown in the same field without additional application of amendments. Results showed that the amendments applied increased the grain and straw yields as well as gas exchange attributes compared to the control. In both crops, highest Cd concentrations in straw and grains and total uptake were observed in control treatments while lowest Cd concentrations was observed in limestone + biochar treatment. No Cd concentrations were detected in wheat grains with the application of amendments except limestone (0.1%). The lowest Cd harvest index was observed in limestone + biochar and lignite + biochar treatments for wheat and rice respectively. Application of amendments decreased the AB-DTPA extractable Cd in the soil while increasing the Cd immobilization index after each crop harvest. The benefit-cost ratio and Cd contents in plants revealed that limestone + biochar treatment might be an effective amendment for increasing plant growth with lower Cd concentrations.