Evaluation of surface water quality is a complex process undertakingmultiple parameters. Converting great amount of parameters into a simpler expressionand enabling easy interpretation of data are the main purposes of water quality indices.The main aim of this study is to plan effective water resources management system forKarun River by combination of CCMEWQI and Geographic Information System (GIS).The investigation was carried out to set a management plan through exploratory andspatial analysis of physicochemical water parameters of collected samples from 10stations over one year period. Since all indices were obtained from index, river zoningwas conducted by GIS. Moreover, trace metals concentrations (As, Cr, Cd, Fe, Zn, Mn,and Al) ranged in safer limit. The highest values of F1 belonged to aquatic life and thelowest ones belonged to irrigation. Aquatic life and drinking uses received the maximumvalues of F2. The lowest values were devoted to livestock and then recreation uses. It wasinferred from index that the quality of the Karun River is principally impacted by highturbidity, TDS, NO3, SO4, and PO4 due to high suspended sediment loads. The maincause is incremental agricultural, industrial, and residential effluents. Amongst stations,station one only received the priority for drinking water supply and recreation.

We investigated the issue of noise pollution in the Bidboland gas refineryby noise measurement and surveys. The Bidboland gas refinery has several process units.The sound pressure levels were measured at several places, such as units of 200, 300,400, 500, boiler, powerhouse area, cooling towers pumps, and maintenance area, and thecorresponding noise maps were produced by using sound plan software. We identified thesources of noise pollution. We first measured the mean A-weighted sound pressure levelin each study unit and analyzed the obtained data in Microsoft Excel. The noisiest unitswere identified and some suggestions were offered to reduce the sound exposure level. Itwas specifically noted through the surveys that the noise levels detected in all testedindustries was much above 80 dBA limit specified by regulations. In lieu, variousmeasures to control the noise pollution were contemplated and discussed.

The knowledge of local and regional factors that affect effective solidwaste collection plays an important role in choosing appropriate technology. Wastecollection has grown to become a major challenge demanding daily response from wastemanagers and it becomes inevitable to provide stakeholders with necessary information toaid key decision-making. This paper provides a comprehensive and detailed review oflocal-based factors that affect waste collection in Nigeria. Literature study and on-siteobservation were used for getting theoretical and useful information on the collection ofwaste in the study area. The study considered various standard collection technologiesand their supporting factors in order to assess the effectiveness of existing methods. Thecurrent collection techniques existing in different parts of the country together withunique local factors for these various areas are reported. The findings in many casesreveal that the method of waste collection adopted and equipment used are faced withmany challenges. This paper revealed that there is no investment presently made on theexisting development plan to initiate a modern waste collection system. The studyrecommends a new approach that could be used by institutions and government agenciesfor efficient municipal solid waste collection to achieve sustainable and effectivesanitation which will consequently facilitate the development of an aesthetically balancedand friendly environment.

Kerosene is the colorless liquid and slightly heavier than gasoline thatspecific odor removes after evaporation. Soil and underground water source arecontaminated with different pollutants such as petroleum hydrocarbons. These pollutantshave various negative environmental effects on soil and surrounding environment. Theaim of this research is to understand the effect of kerosene pollution on two differentsoils. The two different collected soils include Industrial and Forest soil. Six microcosmswere designed. Indeed, each soil has three microcosms: unpolluted microcosm, pollutedmicrocosm, and polluted microcosm with nutrient (Nitrogen and Phosphor). Some factorswere assayed in each microcosm during 120 day of experiment. These factors includetotal heterotrophic bacteria, total kerosene degrading bacteria, dehydrogenase enzyme,and kerosene biodegradation. The results of this study show that the highest quantity ofheterotrophic bacteria is related to forest soil (6×109). The quantities of kerosenedegrading bacteria significantly were lower than heterotrophic bacteria in all soilmicrocosms. The quantity of kerosene degrading bacteria have decrement pattern until60th day of experiment, but, after this day, these bacteria have increment pattern. The bestdehydrogenase activity between different microcosms is related to polluted microcosmwith kerosene except for farmland soil. The highest biodegradation of kerosene in allstudied soil belongs to industrial microcosm (95%). Statistical analysis of the resultsshows that there is a significant correlation between MPN quantity of heterotrophicbacteria and other assayed factrs. Also, forest soil has significant difference with othersoils. It may be possible to propose appropriate strategies for bioremediation of differentstudied soil types using the results obtained in this research.

The estimation of pollution fields, especially in densely populated areas, is an important application in the field of environmental science due to the significant effects of air pollution on public health. In this paper, we investigate the spatial distribution of three air pollutants in Tehran’s atmosphere: carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and atmospheric particulate matters less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10μm). To do this, we use four geostatistical interpolation methods: Ordinary Kriging, Universal Kriging, Simple Kriging, and Ordinary Cokriging with Gaussian semivariogram, to estimate the spatial distribution surface for three mentioned air pollutants in Tehran’s atmosphere. The data were collected from 21 air quality monitoring stations located in different districts of Tehran during 2012 and 2013 for 00UTC. Finally, we evaluate the Kriging estimated surfaces using three statistical validation indexes: mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) that can be divided into systematic and unsystematic errors (RMSES, RMSEU), and D-Willmot. Estimated standard errors surface or uncertainty band of each estimated pollutant surface was also developed. The results indicated that using two auxiliary variables that have significant correlation with CO, the ordinary Cokriginga scheme for CO consistently outperforms all interpolation methods for estimating this pollutant and simple Kriging is the best model for estimation of NO2 and PM10. According to optimal model, the highest concentrations of PM10 are observed in the marginal areas of Tehran while the highest concentrations of NO2 and CO are observed in the central and northern district of Tehran.

In the present study, air quality analyses for ozone (O3) were conducted in Shiraz, a city in the south of Iran. The measurements were taken from 2011 through 2012 in two different locations to prepare average data in the city. The average concentrations were calculated for every 24 hours, each month and each season. Results showed that the highest concentration of ozone occurs generally in the afternoon while the least concentration was found in the morning and at midnight. Monthly concentrations of ozone showed the highest value in August and June while the least value was in December. The seasonal concentrations showed the least amounts in autumn while the highest amounts were in spring. Relations between the air pollutant and some meteorological parameters were calculated statistically using the daily average data. The wind data (velocity, direction), relative humidity, temperature, sunshine periods, evaporation, dew point, and rainfall were considered as independent variables. The relationships between concentration of pollutant and meteorological parameters were expressed by multiple linear regression equations for both annual and seasonal conditions using SPSS software. Root mean square error (RMSE) test showed that among different prediction models, stepwise model is the best option.

Population’s exponential growth along with drought has increased water resources limitation, especially in arid and semi-arid area. Therefore, the use of non-conventional water is an important tool for water resource management. If unconventional water has no negative impact on soil properties and water, it can be used for irrigation coupled with desertification projects. So, this paper tries to present the effect of irrigation with municipal wastewater, salt water, brackish water, and combination of salty water and wastewater on some soil properties including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in Qom plain. Soil samples were taken from agricultural land treated by wastewater, saline water, brackish water, combination of salty water, and wastewater and range land as control in five treatments from depths of 0-30 and 60-90 centimeter. The results showed that wastewater has increased the amount of N, P, and K to other treatments and control area. The concentration of potassium in surface layer of area treated by combination of salty water and wastewater with amount of 459.39 ppm has the most significant difference to control and other treatments. Also, the maximum amount of nitrogen was observed in sub layer of saline and brackish water treatment with amount of 0.08 percent.

There are many potential risks to human health from heavy metal contamination of vegetables resulting from wastewater irrigated sites. This study was carried out to assess the concentration of chromium (Cr) and the risk to human health by chromium through the intake of locally grown vegetables collected from wastewater irrigated agricultural fields. Twenty-seven samples of 9 (nine) different types of vegetables were analyzed by an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) (Varian AAS 240 F S). The range of chromium concentration in wastewater irrigated vegetables was ND (Not detected) -4.14mg/kg. The highest mean concentration of chromium (4.14 mg/kg) was detected in radish. The mean concentration of chromium in all the vegetables was within the safe limits of WHO/FAO except radish which was much higher than the standard. Health risk index for chromium contamination in all vegetables was less than 1 for both adults and children which cause no risk to the local population. Among all vegetables tested, the highest intake value of chromium was from consumption of radish for both adults and children. The lower values of health risk index indicated chromium contamination in the wastewater irrigated vegetables that cause less negative impact on human health.

Surface ozone (Surface O3)is a secondary pollutant and there are only limited studies on ozone in South India. Studies have revealed a strong correlation between higher ozone levels and warmer days. Surface O3 along with its precursors like NO2, CO and CH4 are being measured at Kanyakumari (8.0780° N, 77.5410° E), TamilNadu, India and in this paper we present the summer time variation of ozone from 2010to 2014 . Surface O3 showed a clear diurnal variation, but an irregularity was observed during the night time for all the measuring days of Summer 2014.There was a formation of a well pronounced secondary peak in Surface O3 during 0230 hrs accompanied by relatively strong wind patterns. Since the normal diurnal variation cannot explain this phenomenon,this uncertain behavior is probably attributed tolow NOX titrations and the downward mixing of ozone in the ground layer.The daily mean of Surface O3showed an increasing trend in the study area during the summer monthsand a negative correlation was observed with its precursors. The correlation of Surface O3 with temperature and wind speed for the entire summer season was found as r= +0.68, p= 4.314E-05 and r= +0.63, p

Fertilizers usually enhance potassium (K) content and other naturally occurring radioactive materials in agricultural fields that eventually enter the human food chain through plants. In this study, pot-grown rice plants planted in soil that is relatively high in natural radioactive content was used to estimate the individual influence of fertilizer applications on the uptake of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K using gamma-ray spectrometry. Three types of common fertilizers used in rice cultivation (with percentages) 17.5N:15.5P:10K, 17N:3P:25K+2MgO, and 46N (i.e., urea) were separately added to the potted-rice plants which were in three different growth stages: emergence stage (10 days), maximum tillering stage (40 days), and initiation stage (70 days). Fertilizers at various concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg kg–1) were applied in the first stage of plant growth, whereas only 200 mg kg–1 fertilizer was applied in the second and third stages. Results showed that the uptake of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K by rice grains was affected by different concentrations of fertilizer and its application time. However, these findings suggested insignificant health risk related to the ingestion dose of grains treated with selected fertilizers.