The concentration and isotopic composition of mercury (Hg) were studied in frozen soils along a southwest-northeast transect over the Himalaya-Tibet. Soil total Hg (HgT) concentrations were significantly higher in the southern slopes (72 ± 54 ng g−1, 2SD, n = 21) than those in the northern slopes (43 ± 26 ng g−1, 2SD, n = 10) of Himalaya-Tibet. No significant relationship was observed between HgT concentrations and soil organic carbon (SOC), indicating that the HgT variation was not governed by SOC. Soil from the southern slopes showed significantly negative mean δ202Hg (−0.53 ± 0.50‰, 2SD, n = 21) relative to those from the northern slopes (−0.12 ± 0.40‰, 2SD, n = 10). The δ202Hg values of the southern slopes are more similar to South Asian anthropogenic Hg emissions. A significant correlation between 1/HgT and δ202Hg was observed in all the soil samples, further suggesting a mixing of Hg from South Asian anthropogenic emissions and natural geochemical background. Large ranges of Δ199Hg (−0.45 and 0.24‰) were observed in frozen soils. Most of soil samples displayed negative Δ199Hg values, implying they mainly received Hg from gaseous Hg(0) deposition. A few samples had slightly positive odd-MIF, indicating precipitation-sourced Hg was more prevalent than gaseous Hg(0) in certain areas. The spatial distribution patterns of HgT concentrations and Hg isotopes indicated that Himalaya-Tibet, even its northern part, may have been influenced by transboundary atmospheric Hg pollution from South Asia.

Microbial assemblages such as biofilms around aquatic plants play a major role in arsenic (As) cycling, which has often been overlooked in previous studies. In this study, arsenite (As(III))-oxidizing, arsenate (As(V))-reducing and As(III)-methylating bacteria were found to coexist in the phyllosphere of Hydrilla verticillata, and their relative activities were shown to determine As speciation, accumulation and efflux. When exposed to As(III), As(III) oxidation was not observed in treatment H(III)-B, whereas treatment H(III)+B showed a significant As(III) oxidation ability, thereby indicating that epiphytic bacteria displayed a substantial As(III) oxidation ability. When exposed to As(V), the medium only contained 5.89% As(III) after 48 h of treatment H(V)-B, while an As(III) content of 86.72% was observed after treatment H(V)+B, thereby indicating that the elevated As(III) in the medium probably originated from As(V) reduction by epiphytic bacteria. Our data also indicated that oxidizing bacteria decreased the As accumulation (by approximately 64.44% compared with that of treatment H(III)-B) in plants, while reducing bacteria played a critical role in increasing As accumulation (by approximately 3.31-fold compared with that of treatment H(V)-B) in plants. Regardless of whether As(III) or As(V) was supplied, As(III) was dominant in the plant tissue (over 75%). Furthermore, the presence of epiphytic bacteria enhanced As efflux by approximately 9-fold. Metagenomic analysis revealed highly diverse As metabolism genes in epiphytic bacterial community, particularly those related to energetic metabolism (aioAB), and As resistance (arsABCR, acr3, arsM). Phylogenetic analysis of As metabolism genes revealed evidence of both vertical inheritance and horizontal gene transfer, which might have contributed to the evolution of the As metabolism genes. Taken together, our research suggested that the diversity of As metabolism genes in epiphytic bacterial community is associated with aquatic submerged macrophytes which may play an important role in As biogeochemistry in aquatic environments.

Micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent health problems worldwide. The maintenance of adequate concentrations of micronutrients in maize grain is crucial for human health. We investigated the overall status and geospatial variation of micronutrients in Chinese maize grains and identified their key drivers. A field survey was conducted in four major maize production areas of China in 2017 with 980 pairs of soil and grain samples collected from famers’ fields. At a national scale, grain zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) concentrations varied substantially, with average values of 17.4, 17.3, 4.9, and 1.5 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, suggesting a solid gap between grain Zn and Fe concentrations and the biofortification target values. Significant regional difference in the concentrations of Zn, Mn and Cu, but not Fe, were observed in grain, with much higher levels in Southwest China. The nutritional yields of Zn, Fe and Cu were lower than the energy and Mn yields, indicating an unbalanced output between energy and micronutrients in current maize production system. Grain Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu correlated negatively with maize yield in most test regions. Increased nitrogen (N) rate positively affected grain Zn and Cu, while increased phosphorus (P) rate negatively affects grain Zn and Fe. Apart from Fe, available Zn, Mn and Cu in soil exerted significant positive effects on grain Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations, respectively. Decrease in soil pH and increase in the organic matter content may increase the accumulation of Fe and Mn in grain. Grain Zn and Cu concentrations increased as available soil P decreased. Of the factors considered in this study, grain yield, N and P rates, soil pH and organic matter were the main factors that affect grain micronutrient status and should be more extensively considered in the production and nutritional quality of maize grain.

The occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of 10 quinolones (QNs) were investigated in the water and sediment samples from Baiyangdian Lake, China. The field samplings were conducted in April (dry season) and August (wet season) 2018, the results showed that QNs was extensively distributed in the Baiyangdian Lake. For the occurrence, Flumequine (FLU) and Ofloxacin (OFL) were the most detected QNs in Baiyangdian Lake. For the temporal variation, the sum concentration of QNs in water and sediment were ranged from 153 ng/L to 3093 ng/L and from 40.1 ng/g to 1475 ng/g in April, while ranged from 3.83 ng/L to 769 ng/L and from 20.3 ng/g to 373 ng/g in August. For the spatial variation, all of QNs exhibited significance difference in concentration at different sampling areas. Furthermore, PNEC plays an important role in ecological risk assessment, thus the PNECs of FLU and OFL were derived by assessment factors (AF), species sensitivity distribution (SSD), and AQUATOX model methods. The results showed that: PNECAFs, PNECSSDs, and PNECAQUATOXs were 18.7 μg/L, 196 μg/L, and 128 μg/L for FLU, respectively; and were 0.021 μg/L, 4.40 μg/L, and 3.00 μg/L for OFL, respectively. The PNECs for FLU and OFL derived by three approaches showed the rank of: PNECSSDs > PNECAQUATOXs > PNECAFs; while the risk quotients (RQs) followed the other rank of: RQSSDs < RQAQUATOXs < RQAFs. The results was indicated that the indirect ecological effects plays an important role in the derived PNECs for QNs, without considering the indirect ecological effects in natural ecosystem can lead to under-protective or over-protective PNECs (RQs) for chemicals. Therefore, AQUATOX model can be applied in deriving PNECs during the ecological risk assessment.

The accurate assessment of soil selenium (Se) bioavailability is crucial for Se biofortification in Se-deficient areas and risk assessment in selenosis areas. However, a universally accepted approach to evaluate Se bioavailability in soil is currently lacking. This research investigated Se bioavailability in six soils treated with selenite (Se(IV)) or selenate (Se(VI)) by comparing diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique and chemical extraction methods through pot experiments. A bioindicator method was used to evaluate Se concentrations in pak choi and compare the results with the Se concentration measured by other methods. Results showed that chemical extraction methods presented different extraction efficiencies for available Se over a range of soil types, and the same extraction method had various extraction efficiencies for different Se species in the same soil. DGT measured Se concentrations (CDGT−Se) for Se(VI) treatment were 2.3–34.1 times of those for Se(IV) treatment. KH2PO4–K2HPO4 and AB-DTPA extractable Se could predict the bioavailability of soil Se, but they were disturbed by soil properties. HAc extraction was unsuitable for evaluating Se bioavailability in different Se(IV)-treated soils. By contrast, DGT technique was preferable for predicting plant uptake of Se(IV) over chemical extraction methods. Although DGT technique was independent of soil properties, KH2PO4–K2HPO4 extraction provided the best fitting regression equation for Se(VI) when it was dependent on soil organic matter. Thus, KH2PO4–K2HPO4 extraction may be preferred to assess Se(VI) bioavailability in different soil types on a large scale.

A high-resolution soil sampling has been applied to two forest podzols (ACB-I and ACB-II) from SW Europe in order to investigate the soil components and processes influencing the content, accumulation and vertical distribution of Hg. Total Hg contents (THg) were 28.0 and 23.6 μg kg⁻¹ in A horizons of ACB-I and ACB-II, then they strongly decreased in the E horizons and peaked in the Bhs horizons of both soils (55.3 and 63.0 μg kg⁻¹). THg decreased again in BwC horizons to 17.0 and 39.8 μg kg⁻¹. The Bhs horizons accounted for 46 and 38% of the total Hg stored (ACB-I and ACB-II, respectively). Principal component analysis (PCA) and principal components regression (PCR), i.e. using the extracted components as predictors, allowed to distinguish the soil components that accounted for Hg accumulation in each horizon. The obtained model accurately predicted accumulated Hg (R² = 0.845) through four principal components (PCs). In A horizons, Hg distribution was controlled by fresh soil organic matter (PC4), whereas in E horizons the negative values of all PCs were consistent with the absence of components able to retain Hg and the corresponding very low THg concentrations. Maximum THg contents in Bhs horizons coincided with the highest peaks of reactive Fe and Al compounds (PC1 and PC2) and secondary crystalline minerals (PC3) in both soils. The THg distribution in the deepest horizons (Bw and BwC) seemed to be influenced by other pedogenetic processes than those operating in the upper part of the profile (A, E and Bhs horizons). Our findings confirm the importance of soils in the global Hg cycling, as they exhibit significant Hg pools in horizons below the uppermost O and A horizons, preventing its mobilization to other environmental compartments.

Chromium (VI) reduction by organic compounds is one of the major pathways to alleviate the toxicity and mobility of Cr(VI) in the environment. However, oxidative products of organic molecules receive less scientific concerns. In this study, hydroquinone (H₂Q) was used as a representative organic compound to determine the redox reactions with Cr(VI) and the concomitant oxidative products. Spectroscopic analyses showed that Cr(III) hydroxides dominated the precipitates produced during redox reactions of Cr(VI) and H₂Q. For the separated filtrates, the acidification induced the oxidative polymerization of organic molecules, accompanied with the complexation with Cr(III). The aromatic domains dominated the chemical structures of the black and fluffy organic polymers, which was different to the natural humic acids due to the shortage of aliphatic chains. Results of linear combination fitting (LCF) for Cr K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra demonstrated that up to 90.4% of Cr inventory in precipitates derived after the acidification of filtrates was Cr(III) complexed with humic-like polymers, suggesting that Cr(III) possibly acted as a linkage among organic molecules during the polymerization processes of H₂Q. This study demonstrated that Cr(VI) may lead to the polymerization of organic molecules in an acidic solution, and thus, it could raise scientific awareness that the oxidative decomposition of organic molecules may not be the only pathway while interacting with the strong oxidant of Cr(VI).

Oil pollution harms terrestrial ecosystems. There is an urgent requirement to improve on existing methods for detecting, mapping and establishing the precise extent of oil-impacted and oil-free vegetation. This is needed to quantify existing spill extents, formulate effective remediation strategies and to enable effective pipeline monitoring strategies to identify leakages at an early stage. An effective oil spill detection algorithm based on optical image spectral responses can benefit immensely from the inclusion of multi-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, especially when the effect of multi-collinearity is sufficiently reduced. This study compared the Fuzzy Forest (FF) and Random Forest (RF) methods in detecting and mapping oil-impacted vegetation from a post spill multispectral optical sentinel 2 image and multifrequency C and X Band Sentinel – 1, COSMO Skymed and TanDEM-X SAR images. FF and RF classifiers were employed to discriminate oil-spill impacted and oil-free vegetation in a study area in Nigeria. Fuzzy Forest uses specific functions for the selection and use of uncorrelated variables in the classification process to yield an improved result. This method proved an efficient variable selection technique addressing the effects of high dimensionality and multi-collinearity, as the optimization and use of different SAR and optical image variables generated more accurate results than the RF algorithm in densely vegetated areas. An Overall Accuracy (OA) of 75% was obtained for the dense (Tree Cover Area) vegetation, while cropland and grassland areas had 59.4% and 65% OA respectively. However, RF performed better in Cropland areas with OA = 75% when SAR-optical image variables were used for classification, while both methods performed equally well in Grassland areas with OA = 65%. Similarly, significant backscatter differences (P < 0.005) were observed in the C-Band backscatter sample mean of polluted and oil-free TCA, while strong linear associations existed between LAI and backscatter in grassland and TCA. This study demonstrates that SAR based monitoring of petroleum hydrocarbon impacts on vegetation is feasible and has high potential for establishing oil-impacted areas and oil pipeline monitoring.

A wide variety of sampling techniques and strategies are needed to analyze polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and interpret their distributions in various environmental media (i.e., air, water, snow, soils, sediments, peat and biological material). In this review, we provide a summary of commonly employed sampling methods and strategies, as well as a discussion of routine and innovative approaches used to quantify and characterize PACs in frequently targeted environmental samples, with specific examples and applications in Canadian investigations. The pros and cons of different analytical techniques, including gas chromatography – flame ionization detection (GC-FID), GC low-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet, fluorescence or MS detection, GC high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) and compound-specific stable (δ¹³C, δ²H) and radiocarbon (Δ¹⁴C) isotope analysis are considered. Using as an example research carried out in Canada’s Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR), where alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing dibenzothiophenes are frequently targeted, the need to move beyond the standard list of sixteen EPA priority PAHs and for adoption of an AOSR bitumen PAC reference standard are highlighted.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a byproduct of combustion processes. They are common pollutants in oil-producing countries because fossil fuel processing generates PAHs that associate with dust. Airborne particles containing PAHs are transported into houses during dust storms, which are common in the arid oil-producing countries, and consequently the children and adults in the household are exposed to PAHs in indoor house dust. The goal of this study was to present a systematic survey of PAHs in indoor house dust in Kuwait. The PAHs concentrations and composition of indoor house dust was determined, along with their probable source and the potential carcinogenic risks. Total PAHs concentrations (ƩPAH) were, on average (±standard deviation) 1112 ± 347 μg/kg and ranged from 450 to 2242 μg/kg. Heavier congeners (4–6 ring PAHs) represented 61% of the ƩPAH. Petroleum combustion and traffic emissions were the major source of PAHs, based on the isomeric ratios of PAHs in indoor house dust. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of exposure to PAHs in indoor house dust was 2.23 × 10⁻³ (95% CI: 1.99 × 10⁻³ – 2.48 × 10⁻³) for children and 2.15 × 10⁻³ (95% CI: 1.94 × 10⁻³ – 2.37 × 10⁻³) for adults, exceeding the US EPA safe limit of 1 × 10⁻⁶. Therefore, exposure to PAHs present in indoor house dust increases the cancer risk for children and adults in Kuwait.