Spatial distribution and interrelationship among organic nutrients – silica and carbon – and various lithogenic elements were investigated in the surficial sediments of Matla estuary and Core Zone of Indian Sundarbans Reserve Forest using spatial analysis and multivariate statistics. Biogenic silica (BSi), an important parameter for coastal biogeochemisry, was measured using Si-time alkaline leaching method. BSi concentration ranged from 0.01% to 0.85% with higher concentrations in upstream region of Matla estuary and attenuated values towards the bay, seemingly due to changes in hydrodynamics and land use conditions. Spatial distribution of BSi did not exhibit significant correlation with sediment parameters of organic carbon (OC), elemental composition and clay content. However, it showed significant contrasting trends with total phosphorus (TP) and total silica of human influenced Matla estuary sediments as well as the dissolved silica (DSi) of its surface waters. Anthropogenic influence on sediment geochemistry is discernable with the presence of higher concentrations of organic and inorganic elements in Matla estuary than in Core Zone sediments. Spatial variation trends are often challenging to interpret due to multiple sources of input, varying energy and salinity conditions and constant physical, chemical and biological alterations occurring in the environment. Nonetheless, it is certain that anthropogenic activities have a substantial influence on biogeochemical processes of Sundarbans mangrove-estuarine complex and potentially the coastal ocean.

Natural marine biofilms provide signatures of the events that occur over a period of time and can be used as bioindicators of environmental changes. Hence, the effects of temperature (30 and 34°C), pCO2 (400 and 1500μatm) and nutrients (unenriched and enriched f/2 media) on the marine biofilm were evaluated using a 2×2×2 factorial design. In unenriched condition, acidification significantly increased the abundance of phytoperiphytes whereas reduced that of bacteria and it was vice versa in the enriched condition. Warming had significant negative effect on the abundance of both phytoperiphytes and bacteria, except in unenriched condition wherein it favoured bacterial growth. Synergistically, acidification and warming had deleterious effects resulting in further reduction in the abundance of both phytoperiphytes and bacteria, except in enriched condition wherein bacterial abundance increased. Such changes in biofilm communities in response to warming and acidification can have cascading effect on the subsequent build-up of macrofouling community.

Mediterranean marine protected area (MPA) design patterns regarding geographic distribution, size, spacing and shape were analysed as a proxy of the region's MPA's ecological effectiveness and a first step towards an ecologically coherent MPA network.Results for legally designated MPAs and ecologically functional MPAs accounting for overlaps are presented. Geographically, Mediterranean MPA area is very unevenly distributed, with four-fifths concentrated in just three countries of the north-western part of the basin. Average distance between functional MPAs lies within recommended ecological thresholds, which suggests adequate potential connectivity of the Mediterranean MPA system. Mediterranean designated MPAs are larger than MPAs worldwide on average, although they are generally smaller than international guidance suggests at different levels: ecoregion, country and designation category. On average, Mediterranean designated and functional MPAs have relatively high compactness, which makes them prone to spillover and adequate viability, and less vulnerable to edge effects.

Total mercury concentrations ([THg]), δ15N and δ13C values were determined in muscle of 693 Pacific halibut caught in International Pacific Halibut Commission setline surveys in Alaska (2002−2011). Project goals were to evaluate whether 1) δ15N and δ13C varied with region, age, sex and length of halibut, and 2) muscle [THg] varied with δ15N and δ13C (feeding ecology) while accounting for sex, length, and region. Variation in [THg] was explained, in part, by halibut feeding ecology as [THg] increased with trophic position (increasing δ15N). Halibut from the western Aleutian Island region were the exception, with overall lower δ15N values and significantly higher [THg] than halibut from other Alaskan waters. This [THg] pattern has been observed in other Aleutian biota, possibly the result of northeasterly atmospheric movement of mercury emissions from Asia and/or other local sources and processes. The significantly lower δ15N values for these halibut warrants further investigation of halibut prey.

Ambient NO2, O3 and Ox (the sum of NO2 and O3) are associated with adverse health outcomes. Quantitative assessment of the health burden from these pollutants requires knowledge of small-scale variations in their concentrations in urban environments. In particular, we were interested in the temporal stability of intra-urban spatial contrasts in these pollutants. This was investigated by concurrent measurements of NO2 and O3 by passive samplers at 30 sites in Edinburgh, UK, repeated 12 × 1-weekly for NO2 and 6 × 2-weekly for O3 in summer and winter. Temporally persistent and large spatial variations in both NO2 and O3 concentrations were observed. Concentrations of NO2 across the sites ranged on average by a factor of 14 between suburban parks and heavily-trafficked roadsides, corresponding to a difference in NO2 on average of ∼80 μg m−3. Intra-urban O3 concentrations also varied substantially, on average by a factor of 4 (average range 45 μg m−3) and with strong anticorrelation to NO2 concentrations across the 30 sites. Consequently intra-urban variability was considerably lower for Ox than for NO2 and O3. The temporal stability in relative NO2 and O3 concentrations indicate potential for deriving intra-urban spatial fields of NO2 and O3 at different times by scaling models of long-term spatial patterns of NO2 and O3 by the measurements at a single site. If Ox is a key determinant of adverse health then the large intra-urban spatial contrasts in NO2 and O3 may be less relevant, with Ox concentrations across an urban area determined at a suitable background site.

Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to identify sources of PM0.09–0.26, very fine aerosol particles, in a residential district of Ostrava Radvanice and Bartovice, a European air pollution hot-spot. Two-hours resolved elemental composition of very fine particulate matter samples were collected by the eighth stage of Davis Rotating-drum Universal-size-cut Monitoring (DRUM) impactor for the campaign period of the 26th January to the 21st February 2012. The campaign consists of smog (26.1–14.2) and post-smog (15–21.2) periods defined by their PM1 concentrations. Three factors were resolved by PMF: coal combustion, raw iron production and steel production. Coal combustion, associated with high concentrations of Se, Br, Pb, K, and As, dominated during the whole period. The contribution of raw iron production, a factor with high concentration of Mn, Fe, Co and Cr, increased significantly when ambient air temperature and the wind direction changed from NE to SW. Alternatively, the contributions of steel production, associated with Cl, K and Zn, were high under NE winds and decreased during the post-smog period. The mass of very fine particles correlated well with CO concentrations (smog r2 = 0.86, post-smog r2 = 0.43), which may indicate an industrial plume. The low value of S/Se (1448) suggests the impact of local/city-wide stationary coal combustion sources located to the N–NE of the monitoring site.

Whether greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping are a type of marine pollution is a controversial issue and is currently open to debate. This article examines the current treaty definitions of marine pollution, and applies them to greenhouse gas emissions from ships. Based on the legal analysis of treaty definitions and relevant international and national regulation on this issue, this article asserts that greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping are a type of ‘conditional’ marine pollution.

This study was carried out to evaluate the present-day chemical properties of methylmercury in surface sediment in Minamata Bay where a dredging project was completed 28years ago. Present-day sediment from Minamata Bay consists of sandy silt, and the average loss-on-ignition in surface sediment was 7.0±2.3%. The average methylmercury concentrations in the upper sediment layers were significantly higher than those in the lower sediment layers. Currently, the concentrations in sediments in Minamata Bay do not exceed the Japanese regulatory standard value for mercury. The average concentration of methylmercury in Minamata Bay surface sediment was 1.74±1.0ng/g on a dry weight basis (n=107). The methylmercury concentration in Minamata Bay surface sediment was almost 16 times higher than that in surface sediment from Isahaya Bay surface sediment, which was 0.11±0.045ng/g on a dry weight basis (n=5).

Khuzestan, Iran is heavily industrialised with petrochemical and refinery companies. Herein, sediment and soil samples were collected from Hendijan coast, Khore Mosa and Arvandroud River. The CHEMSIC (CHEmometric analysis of Selected Ion Chromatograms) method was used to assign the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution. A four-component principal component analysis (PCA) model was obtained. While principal component 1 (PC1) was related to the total concentration of PAHs, the remaining PCs described three distinct sources: PC2 and PC3 collectively differentiate between weathered petrogenic and pyrogenic, and PC4 is indicative for a diagenetic input. The sources of PAHs in the Arvandroud River were mainly relatively fresh oil with some samples corresponding to a weathered oil input. Further, perylene (indicator for diagenetic source) was identified. Samples from Khore Mosa revealed a mixture with high proportions of high-molecular-weight PAHs, indicating a pyrogenic/weathered petrogenic source. Samples from Hendijan coast contained low relative concentrations of PAHs, thus only little information on pollution sources.

In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of H2S injection on the capacity of CO2’s solubility trapping and mineral trapping. Results demonstrated that the preferential dissolution of H2S gas into brine (compared with pure CO2) resulted in the decrease of pH, consequently inhibiting the CO2’s solubility trappings to some extent. Then, the lower pH droved more severe corrosion of primary minerals, favored more secondary mineral to be formed. In addition, the discovery of pyrite demonstrated that H2S could precipitate by the formation of sulfide mineral trapping. As the secondary carbon sink minerals, ankerite and dawsonite were observed in the pure CO2-brine-sandstone interaction. However, there were no secondary carbonates found through the SEM images and EDS analyses, implied that the injection of H2S probably may partially inhibit the precipitation of Fe-bearing carbonate minerals such as ankerite in the CO2-H2S-brine-sandstone interaction in this short term experiments.