This practical reference examines every potential means of exposure to water contaminants, provides in-depth discussion on toxicology, explains the most up-to-date techniques for evaluating human health risk, and develops a methodology for assessing the cumulative absorbed dose of contaminants through all routes of exposure, including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal. | Covering both federal and state efforts to monitor and treat water and discussing water safety regulations, Water Contamination and Health addresses indoor exposure to radon from water sources and exposure to chloroform in swimming pools ... highlights epidemiology, including the need to determine the actual correlation between chemical exposure and human health effects ... emphasizes the internal dose concept using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model ... furnishes a case study on spontaneous abortion in pregnant women who were exposed to a specific chemical from a contaminated well ... explores the potential existence of carcinogens in water for human consumption ... and much more!

Introduces various techniques for soil remediation, including chemical fixation/stabilization, soil vapor extraction, thermally enhanced vapor stripping, biodegradation, and air sparging. This title describes the ex shu technique of thermal desorption of soil contaminants - a low-cost alternative to incineration for the removal of organics.

This comprehensive, interdisciplinary reference explains the basic physical, hydrological, chemical, and biochemical processes and mechanisms governing contaminants in the subsurface vadose zone - an often overlooked problem that is of major worldwide societal concern. Additionally, this important resource provides helpful case studies representing state-of-the-art techniques and contains never-before-published research findings on, and recommendations for solving, groundwater contamination. | Covering a wide spectrum of groundwater contamination sources and their chemical, transport, and release characteristics, Groundwater Contamination and Control considers the preventive as well as corrective approaches in combatting the threat of irreversible groundwater pollution ... explores the challenges faced in remediating and rehabilitating polluted soils and aquifers ... analyzes the legislative aspects that arise when monitoring landfills, spills, and industrial sites ... reviews the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Groundwater Disinfection Rule ... describes the in situ process of on-site remediation ... discusses the political and legal issues involved in cases where aquifers are shared between people or countries ... previews future trends in on-site analysis and monitoring methods ... and much more. | Illustrated with nearly 450 figures, tables, and equations and containing more than 1700 literature citations to facilitate further in-depth study, Groundwater Contamination and Control is essential reading for pollution control, environmental, chemical, industrial, sanitary, and civil engineers; chemists; hydrologists; ecologists; agronomists; environmental scientists; waste management consultants; environmental regulators and government policymakers; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Although polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are no longer manufactured, they are still entering the environment. In some compartments of the environment, PCB concentrations are a serious concern. This is especially true in compartments which accumulate PCBs, and in food items consumed by humans and wildlife. Also, there are situations in which management decisions require rapid, sensitive, accurate measurements, which can be made in real time under field conditions. Methods to use an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PCBs were developed and applied to sediments and fish muscle homogenates collected from the Great Lakes. The extraction methods developed can be applied in the field with non-hazardous solvents, in the absence of sophisticated laboratory equipment. The method detection limit for PCBs in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extracts of sediment was 0.9 mg/kg. For PCBs in isopropanol extracts of fish tissue, the method detection limit was 0.6 mg/kg. The resolution of the ELISA was 0.83 mg/kg at 1.1 mg/kg and 1.6 mg/kg at 1.7 mg/kg, for sediment and fish tissue, respectively.

Rainwater and surface water from four sites in Germany (Bavaria and Lower Saxony) were analyzed for atrazine by enzyme immunoassay from June 1990 until October 1992. The limit of quantification of the immunoassay was 0.02 microgram per litre with a middle of the test at 0.2 microgram per litre. About 60% of the samples contained measurable amounts of atrazine. Seasonal trends were observed, with the highest concentration in the summer months of up to 4 microgram per litre for rainwater and up to 15 microgram per litre for surface waters. The highest concentrations were found in agricultural areas, while in the investigated national parks up to 0.56 microgram per litre could be detected in rain warer. This points to long-range atmospheric transport from agricultural areas to pristine national parks. Samples from forest stands usually showed higher atrazine concentrations than samples from open fields. Deposition rates of 10 - 50 microgram per m** (2) per year were observed in the national parks and 10 - 180 microgram per m** (2) per year at the agricultural sites. Comparison of results obtained by enzyme immunoassay and GC/MS showed a good correlation of r = 0.95.