Among alternative tillage practices, conservation tillage (CT) is a prominent greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategy advocated in wheat cultivation, largely because of its low energy consumption and minimum soil disturbance during cultural operations. This paper examines the agricultural production and GHG emission trade-off of CT vis-à-vis traditional tillage (TT) on wheat farms of Bangladesh. Using a directional distance function approach, the maximum reduction in GHG emissions was searched for within all available tillage technology options, while increasing wheat production as much as possible. The underlying institutional, technical, and other socio-economic factors determining the efficient use of CT were analyzed using a fractional regression model. The average meta-efficiency score for permanent bed planting (PBP) and strip tillage (ST) was 0.89, while that achieved using power tiller operated seeders (PTOS) is 0.87. This indicates that with the given input sets, there is potential to reduce GHG emissions by about 11% for ST and PTOS; that potential is 13% for farmers using PTOS. The largest share of TT farmers cultivate wheat at lower meta-efficiency levels (0.65–0.70) compared to that observed with farmers practicing CT (0.75–0.80). Fractional regression model estimates indicate that an optimal, timely dose of fertilizers with a balanced dose of nutrients is required to reduce GHG emissions. To develop climate smart sustainable intensification strategies in wheat cultivation, it is important to educate farmers on efficient input management and CT together. Agricultural development programs should focus on addressing heterogeneities in nutrient management in addition to tillage options within CT.

Among alternative tillage practices, conservation tillage (CT) is a prominent greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategy advocated in wheat cultivation, largely because of its low energy consumption and minimum soil disturbance during cultural operations. This paper examines the agricultural production and GHG emission trade-off of CT vis-à-vis traditional tillage (TT) on wheat farms of Bangladesh. Using a directional distance function approach, the maximum reduction in GHG emissions was searched for within all available tillage technology options, while increasing wheat production as much as possible. The underlying institutional, technical, and other socio-economic factors determining the efficient use of CT were analyzed using a fractional regression model. The average meta-efficiency score for permanent bed planting (PBP) and strip tillage (ST) was 0.89, while that achieved using power tiller operated seeders (PTOS) is 0.87. This indicates that with the given input sets, there is potential to reduce GHG emissions by about 11% for ST and PTOS; that potential is 13% for farmers using PTOS. The largest share of TT farmers cultivate wheat at lower meta-efficiency levels (0.65–0.70) compared to that observed with farmers practicing CT (0.75–0.80). Fractional regression model estimates indicate that an optimal, timely dose of fertilizers with a balanced dose of nutrients is required to reduce GHG emissions. To develop climate smart sustainable intensification strategies in wheat cultivation, it is important to educate farmers on efficient input management and CT together. Agricultural development programs should focus on addressing heterogeneities in nutrient management in addition to tillage options within CT.

Wear and tear on fishing gear is a sparsely investigated source of microplastic pollution in the sea. In Norway, Danish seine ropes and trawls are the fishing gears that contribute most to this pollution. The main reason for this pollution is that the seine ropes are dragged along the seabed over a considerable distance, creating a friction force that results in high ropes wear. This note reports the findings after examining the wear of Danish seine ropes used in Norwegian fisheries. The results show that, in Norway alone, an average of 77 to 97 tons of plastic will be added to the sea annually due to this specific fishing gear. Aggregated to include all fly dragging, anchor seining, and pair seining globally, this number is estimated to be about 311 tons per year. | publishedVersion

Wear and tear on fishing gear is a sparsely investigated source of microplastic pollution in the sea. In Norway, Danish seine ropes and trawls are the fishing gears that contribute most to this pollution. The main reason for this pollution is that the seine ropes are dragged along the seabed over a considerable distance, creating a friction force that results in high ropes wear. This note reports the findings after examining the wear of Danish seine ropes used in Norwegian fisheries. The results show that, in Norway alone, an average of 77 to 97 tons of plastic will be added to the sea annually due to this specific fishing gear. Aggregated to include all fly dragging, anchor seining, and pair seining globally, this number is estimated to be about 311 tons per year.

Wear and tear on fishing gear is a sparsely investigated source of microplastic pollution in the sea. In Norway, Danish seine ropes and trawls are the fishing gears that contribute most to this pollution. The main reason for this pollution is that the seine ropes are dragged along the seabed over a considerable distance, creating a friction force that results in high ropes wear. This note reports the findings after examining the wear of Danish seine ropes used in Norwegian fisheries. The results show that, in Norway alone, an average of 77 to 97 tons of plastic will be added to the sea annually due to this specific fishing gear. Aggregated to include all fly dragging, anchor seining, and pair seining globally, this number is estimated to be about 311 tons per year.

International audience | The presence of contaminants of emerging concern in the aquatic environment directly impacts water-living organisms and can alter their living functions. These compounds are often metabolized and excreted, but they can also be accumulated and spread through the food chain. The metabolized contaminants can also lead to the formation of new compounds with unknown toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. In this work, we have studied the occurrence, bioconcentration, and biotransformation of CECs in glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) using UHPLC-HRMS. To select the target CECs, we first carried out an environmental risk assessment of the WWTP effluent that releases directly into the Adour estuary (Bayonne, Basque Country, France). The risk quotients of every detected contaminant were calculated and three ecotoxicologically relevant contaminants were chosen to perform the exposure experiment: propranolol, diazepam, and irbesartan. An experiment of 14 days consisting of 7 days of exposure and 7 days of depuration was carried out to measure the bioconcentration of the chosen compounds. The quantitative results of the concentrations in glass eel showed that diazepam and irbesartan reached BCF ≈10 on day 7, but both compounds were eliminated after 7 days of depuration. On the other hand, propranolol's concentration remains constant all along with the experiment, and its presence can be detected even in the non-exposed control group, which might suggest environmental contamination. Two additional suspect screening strategies were used to identify metabolization products of the target compounds and other xenobiotics already present in wild glass eels. Only one metabolite was identified, nordiazepam, a well-known diazepam metabolite, probably due to the low metabolic rate of glass eels at this stage. The xenobiotic screening confirmed the presence of more xenobiotics in wild glass eels, prominent among them, the pharmaceuticals exemestane, primidone, iloprost, and norethandrolone. ☆ This paper has been recommended for acceptance by. Eddy Y. Zeng. ☆☆ Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Glass Eel (Anguilla anguilla): Occurrence, Bioconcentration and Biotransformation.

The presence of contaminants of emerging concern in the aquatic environment directly impacts water-living organisms and can alter their living functions. These compounds are often metabolized and excreted, but they can also be accumulated and spread through the food chain. The metabolized contaminants can also lead to the formation of new compounds with unknown toxicity and bioaccumulation potential. In this work, we have studied the occurrence, bioconcentration, and biotransformation of CECs in glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) using UHPLC-HRMS. To select the target CECs, we first carried out an environmental risk assessment of the WWTP effluent that releases directly into the Adour estuary (Bayonne, Basque Country, France). The risk quotients of every detected contaminant were calculated and three ecotoxicologically relevant contaminants were chosen to perform the exposure experiment: propranolol, diazepam, and irbesartan. An experiment of 14 days consisting of 7 days of exposure and 7 days of depuration was carried out to measure the bioconcentration of the chosen compounds. The quantitative results of the concentrations in glass eel showed that diazepam and irbesartan reached BCF ≈10 on day 7, but both compounds were eliminated after 7 days of depuration. On the other hand, propranolol's concentration remains constant all along with the experiment, and its presence can be detected even in the non-exposed control group, which might suggest environmental contamination. Two additional suspect screening strategies were used to identify metabolization products of the target compounds and other xenobiotics already present in wild glass eels. Only one metabolite was identified, nordiazepam, a well-known diazepam metabolite, probably due to the low metabolic rate of glass eels at this stage. The xenobiotic screening confirmed the presence of more xenobiotics in wild glass eels, prominent among them, the pharmaceuticals exemestane, primidone, iloprost, and norethandrolone.

Longlining is a widely used fishing method. During longline fishing, some of the snoods connecting the hooks to the mainline are often lost at sea. Since snoods are made of nylon or polyester, lost snoods contribute to marine plastic pollution. Replacing nylon or polyester with a new material made of biodegradable plastics can potentially reduce macro- and microplastic pollution that is caused by lost snoods. In this study, we estimated the risk for snood loss in a longline fishery targeting haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Linnaeus, 1758)) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua (Linnaeus, 1758)) in Barents Sea. Further, we compared catch efficiency in this fishery for snoods made of biodegradable and nylon materials. No significant differences were found between the two materials. Therefore, catch efficiency does not represent a barrier for using biodegradable materials in snoods. | publishedVersion

Longlining is a widely used fishing method. During longline fishing, some of the snoods connecting the hooks to the mainline are often lost at sea. Since snoods are made of nylon or polyester, lost snoods contribute to marine plastic pollution. Replacing nylon or polyester with a new material made of biodegradable plastics can potentially reduce macro- and microplastic pollution that is caused by lost snoods. In this study, we estimated the risk for snood loss in a longline fishery targeting haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Linnaeus, 1758)) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua (Linnaeus, 1758)) in Barents Sea. Further, we compared catch efficiency in this fishery for snoods made of biodegradable and nylon materials. No significant differences were found between the two materials. Therefore, catch efficiency does not represent a barrier for using biodegradable materials in snoods.

Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) is a participatory modelling tool used to explore complex systems by facilitating interdisciplinary cooperation and integrating a variety of knowledge systems. Here FCM was used to explore marine microfiber pollution. Through individual interviews with representatives from the research, industry, water and environmental sectors, five stakeholder FCMs were developed and used to produce an aggregated community FCM in a stakeholder workshop. Stakeholder FCMs and the revised community FCM were used to compute how the modelled system reacted to changes under two scenarios developed during the stakeholder workshop; (i) Green Shift and (ii) increased textile consumption and production. Significant differences were observed in scenario results from the stakeholder-based models and the community-based model. For societal challenges characterized by unknowns around the problem and potential solutions, inclusion of a variety of knowledge systems through FCM and deliberation processes contribute to a more holistic picture of the system and its uncertainties. | publishedVersion

Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) is a participatory modelling tool used to explore complex systems by facilitating interdisciplinary cooperation and integrating a variety of knowledge systems. Here FCM was used to explore marine microfiber pollution. Through individual interviews with representatives from the research, industry, water and environmental sectors, five stakeholder FCMs were developed and used to produce an aggregated community FCM in a stakeholder workshop. Stakeholder FCMs and the revised community FCM were used to compute how the modelled system reacted to changes under two scenarios developed during the stakeholder workshop; (i) Green Shift and (ii) increased textile consumption and production. Significant differences were observed in scenario results from the stakeholder-based models and the community-based model. For societal challenges characterized by unknowns around the problem and potential solutions, inclusion of a variety of knowledge systems through FCM and deliberation processes contribute to a more holistic picture of the system and its uncertainties.