Within the context of coordination level between state and central government, we develop an econometric model to estimate the association between income and ambient air pollution, considering the societal preferences jointly influenced by the citizens and the government. We obtain empirical evidence supporting our hypothesis that state level coalition government can effectively improve quality of environment by means of reducing ambient air pollution level. This impact can be increased or decreased based on the societal preferences of the citizens, based on the area of inhabitance and irrespective of the choice of pollutants.

Sediment samples from the coastal lagoons and estuaries of New York and New Jersey were used to investigate the influence of contaminants on diatom assemblages. Multivariate analyses demonstrated correspondence between composition of diatom assemblages and concentrations of several metals and total PAH. The effects of the individual contaminants were difficult to disentangle because of the considerable correlations between their concentrations. The most conspicuous trend was the increase in the relative abundance of small centric planktonic diatoms in response to contamination and the corresponding decrease in the benthic flora. The high relative abundance of planktonic species on contaminated sediments apparently resulted not so much from their tolerance to pollution, but from the paucity of benthic species. A comparison of the assemblages on the surface and at the depth of approximately 8–10cm revealed a statistically significant temporal change in community composition towards planktonic diatoms.

The distribution of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 228Ra, 40K and man-made radionuclides (54Mn, 60Co and 137 Cs) in the surface sediments of an inlet of Ribeira Bay were investigated. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for radionuclides, organic matter, carbonate, sulfate, cationic exchange capacity and grain size composition. The natural radionuclide concentrations ranged from 4.4 to 45, from 10 to 93, from 66 to 1347Bq·kg−1 dry weight for 226Ra, 228Ra and 40K, respectively. Natural radionuclide concentrations tend to be higher in the silt fraction, which determines their pattern distributions. Only one sample presented measurable concentration for 137Cs, while 54Mn was detected in two samples and 60Co in four sediment samples. Man-made radionuclides present a maximum value of dose external four times lower than the normal background and the potential risk due to the presence of man-made radionuclides in sediments is lower than the risk provided by the natural radionuclides.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 particles were measured at 14 monitoring sites (12 for PM10 and 2 for PM2.5), located in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica, from January to November 2013. High-volume air samplers with pretreated quartz filters were used to collect the particles. The analytical determination was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The most abundant PAHs were benzo[a]anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and acenaphthylene. Ratios obtained by correlating the concentration of some PAHs, both PM10 and PM2.5, suggest that gasoline and diesel vehicles are the main sources in the area being studied. This is consistent with the results obtained when applying the positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, since vehicles accounted for 62–74% of total emissions in the area; burning wood fuel was the second source of emissions, contributing between 7 and 15%; and road dust was third, with almost 8%.

In this research, we examine the effects of PM10 and CO2 air pollutants on infant mortality and life expectancy at birth, in 60 developing countries during the period 1990–2010 by using unbalanced panel data and recursive simultaneous equations model. Our results show that the gains are obtained in the health status through the improvement in socio-economic conditions can be canceled by PM10 and CO2 air pollutants. Therefore, health policies which just focus on socio-economic aspects and ignore the adverse impacts of the air pollution may do little in efforts directed to improve the current health status of developing countries.

The present study aimed to geochemical speciation of metals in the surface sediments of the northern Persian Gulf. Metal contents in the sediment were observed in the order: Al>Fe>Cr>Ni>V>Zn>Cu>Co>As>Pb>Cd. The results of sequential extraction procedure revealed that all metals were predominantly associated with the residual fraction. Among the metals, Cu and As exhibited higher bioavailability. The risk assessment code (RAC) indicated that Cu, As and Cd had medium environmental risk at some sampling sites. Based on enrichment factor (EF), Cd and As had moderate to significant enrichment.

Surface sediments were collected near potential contamination sources impacting Ribeira Bay (Brazil), a system considered as a ‘reference site’ for trace metals. Physicochemical properties (pH and Eh), grain size and concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus (TP), acid-volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously-extracted metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analyzed. Although relatively low metal concentrations were found, correlations of Zn and Ni with high TP levels suggested an association with sewage inputs, while other metals presented associations with specific geochemical carriers (TOC, Fe and Mn compounds). AVS levels exceeding those of the sums of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn (ΣSEM) by at least one order of magnitude and TOC-normalized differences between ΣSEM and AVS ((ΣSEM–AVS)/fOC) near to or below than −200μmolgOC−1 indicated that there were sufficient AVS and TOC levels to control trace metal bioavailability in sediment pore water.

‘Ramp-up’, or ‘soft start’, is a mitigation measure used in seismic surveys and involves increasing the radiated sound level over 20–40min. This study compared the behavioural response in migrating humpback whales to the first stages of ramp-up with the response to a ‘constant’ source, ‘controls’ (in which the array was towed but not operated) with groups in the absence of the source vessel used as the ‘baseline’. Although the behavioural response, in most groups, resulted in an increase in distance from the source (potential avoidance), there was no evidence that either ‘ramp-up’ or the constant source at a higher level was superior for triggering whales to move away from the source vessel. ‘Control’ groups also responded suggesting the presence of the source vessel had some effect. However, the majority of groups appeared to avoid the source vessel at distances greater than the radius of most mitigation zones.

In the present study, particulate matter (PM10) was collected from two different locations viz. Jogannapalem and Parawada sites of Visakhapatnam. During study period, PM10 concentrations were found in the range from 34.8 to 109.7 μg/m3 and from 32.3 to 137.3 μg/m3 at Jogannapalem and Parawada sites respectively. Chemical characterization of PM10 was carried out to estimate the concentration levels of various particle bound chemical species (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, Cl−, F-, NO3-, SO42−, Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+). Among different species, Al was observed to have highest average concentration (4.1 μg/m3 at Jogannapalem and 3.8 μg/m3 at Parawada) at both the sampling sites followed by K at Jogannapalem and Ca at Parawada. PM10 concentration as well as trace metals concentration (except Mn and Fe) was observed to have higher concentrations at Parawada site as compared to Jogannapalem site, indicating higher pollution at Parawada.Source apportionment study carried out using PMF (USEPA PMF5.0) receptor model identified six major sources at Jogannapalem and seven predominant sources at Parawada, which are contributing to collected PM. The two study locations share five common sources viz. crustal, sea salt spray, coal combustion, fuel oil combustion and metal industry. The other sources include biomass burning at Jogannapalem; road traffic and secondary aerosols at Parawada. At Jogannapalem, biomass burning (35%) is the predominant source, whereas coal combustion (22.6%) is dominating at Parawada. PMF factor profiles were observed to have similar elemental profiles obtained at different industrial locations of Visakhapatnam.

Several statistical methods are performed in this study to evaluate the effect of emission control measures on particulate matter (PM) concentrations during the 2014 Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit held in Beijing. The concentration of PM2.5 is reduced by 30%, 38% on a year-on-year and month-on-month basis during the APEC emission control period while PM10 reducing by 41% and 26% respectively. Considering from the impacts of the weather circulation types, PM2.5 and PM10 are both reduced by 34%.ANN model is considered to be appropriate with the ability of characterising non-linear phenomena. In this work an ANN model is built to predict the daily averaged PM concentrations. Comparing the observed PM concentrations and the predicted value which are forecasted by ANN model on condition that no emission control measures were carried out during the APEC, the reductions for PM2.5 and PM10 are 24%, 28% respectively. All these results suggest that strict emission control measures push down the pollution level effectively, and more observed data with long time could improve the accuracy of evaluation results. More stringent controls of regional emissions should be lasted for the continuous improvements of air quality in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.