The industrial production of insects for waste management or as a protein source is becoming vital to our society. Large volumes of manure are produced by concentrated animal facilities around the globe that must be managed, utilized, and disposed of properly. Flies offer a partial solution with their abilities to reduce these wastes and heavy metal pollutants. Meat and crop proteins are being supplemented by insect proteins for many feeds across the globe, yet science-based studies behind the mass-rearing of insects are still in their infancy. In the current study, the percent change in the composition of nutrients, heavy metals, and fiber, in dairy, poultry, and swine manure degraded by either black soldier fly (BSF) or house fly (HF) larvae was explored. Pre-digested and post-digested manure samples were collected from four independent studies that differed in production scale (number of larvae and feeding regimen): 1) BSF small-scale (100 larvae fed incrementally), 2) HF small-scale (100 larvae fed incrementally), 3) BSF large-scale (10,000 larvae fed a single time), and 4) HF large-scale (4,000 larvae fed a single time). Results indicate that nitrogen is a key nutrient impacted by larval digestion of manure by both species, regardless of scale. However, scale significantly impacted reductions of other nutrients, as did the type of manure in which the insects were reared. Ultimately, this study demonstrated that manure type and rearing scale impact the ability of BSF and HF larvae to reduce nutrients and heavy metals in manure, and thus insect management procedures need to be congruent with production emphases of the insects for waste management or protein products. Failure to take scale into consideration could lead to inaccurate assumptions related to industrialized efforts on this topic.

Tissue distribution of legacy and emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in several kinds of edible fishes collected from Meiliang bay of Taihu Lake, China were investigated and the related human health risks were assessed. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester (6:2 diPAP) were the most abundant legacy perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA), PFOS related precursor (PreFOS), and the emerging PFASs in all fish tissues, respectively. Similar to the legacy PFAAs, 6:2 diPAP and 6:6 perfluorophosphinate (6:6 PFPiA) had the highest levels in the fish liver, whereas the highest level of PFOSA was in kidney, which might be due to its intensive transformation in fish liver. The concentrations of PFASs were generally positively correlated with the trophic levels. The profiles of PFASs were significantly different among bitterling, crucian and other fish, which might be related to their different metabolic capacities. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of PreFOSs, 6:2 diPAP, and 6:6 PFPiA were lower than those of PFAAs with the same number of perfluorinated carbons. The calculated hazard ratios (HR) of PFOS (Range: 0.0100–0.655) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (<0.00200) in all fish muscles were less than 1.0. However, the HR of the ∑PFASs in crucian muscle was 1.04, which implied that frequent consumption of crucian collected from Meiliang Bay might pose potential risks to human health.

Algal organic matter (AOM) is an important source for the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in aquatic systems, particularly in eutrophic waters. In this study, we reported the dynamic pattern of AOM hydrophobicity during the growth cycle of Microcystis aeruginosa using the partition coefficients of AOM in the aqueous two-phase system (KATPS) as a simple quantitative measure. AOM hydrophobicity had significant and non-monotonic changes during the growth cycle. It increased in the lag and early exponential phases, then decreased in the late exponential and stationary phases, and rebounded in the decline phase. AOM hydrophobicity determined using the resin fractionation, SUVA₂₅₄, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods shared similar non-monotonic pattern. Nevertheless, the correlations among these indicators were poor. The partition behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorobenzenes to AOM was assessed based the KATPS dataset and the two-phase system (TPS) model. The TPS model showed good prediction power for the partition behavior of AOM with an RMSE of 0.23, suggesting that it was applicable to AOM from Microcystis aeruginosa. Our results indicate that algae activity will influence the overall hydrophobicity of the DOM pool depending on the growth phase, resulting in changes in the bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic systems.

Some of the older Swedish roads contain road tar underneath a surface layer of bituminous asphalt. This road tar, also known as tar asphalt, contains large amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). There is concern about PAHs spreading from the bottom layers of these older roads to the surrounding environment, and that because of this spreading road tar asphalt should not be recycled but rather placed in landfills. However, a risk assessment of PAH spreading below roads has not yet been conducted. The first aim of this study was to assess this potential spreading of PAHs from underlying tar asphalt to the sand beneath, the soil next to the roads, as well as nearby groundwater. The second aim was to measure the bioavailability and estimate the toxicity of PAHs in all relevant media using polyoxymethylene (POM) passive samplers. Four road sections and nearby groundwater in northern Sweden were investigated, including a control road without tar asphalt. PAHs were detected in all analysed solid media at varying concentrations: in asphalt from 2.3 to 4800 mg kg⁻¹, in underlying sand from <1.5 to 460 mg kg⁻¹ and in slope soil from <1.5 to 36 mg kg⁻¹. However, the spread of PAHs from the asphalt to roadside soil and groundwater was very limited. Groundwater at most of the road sections contained very low or non-detectable levels of PAHs (<0.08–0.53 μg L⁻¹, excluding one site where fuel contamination is hypothesized). The PAHs generally showed low bioavailability. Only asphalt with PAH content >1200 mg kg⁻¹ exhibited bioavailable concentrations that exceeded threshold concentrations for serious risk. The most PAH contaminated sand and soil samples exhibited low toxicity when considering bioavailability, only in some cases exceeding chronic toxicity threshold concentrations. These results were compared with the Swedish EPA's guideline values for PAH in contaminated soil, which is shown to overpredict toxicity for these sites. Further research on the leaching and transportation processes of PAHs from subsurface tar asphalt is recommended for developing risk analysis approaches.

Fipronil, a phenyl-pyrazole insecticide, has a wide range of uses, from agriculture to veterinary medicine. Due to its large-scale applications, the risk of environmental and occupational exposure and bioaccumulation raises concerns. Moreover, relatively little is known about the intracellular mechanisms of fipronil in trophoblasts and the endometrium involved in implantation. Here, we demonstrated that fipronil reduced the viability of porcine trophectoderm and luminal epithelial cells. Fipronil induced cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase and apoptotic cell death through DNA fragmentation and inhibition of DNA replication. These reactions were accompanied by homeostatic changes, including mitochondrial depolarization and cytosolic calcium depletion. In addition, we found that exposure to fipronil compromised the migration and implantation ability of pTr and pLE cells. Moreover, alterations in PI3K-AKT and MAPK-ERK1/2 signal transduction were observed in fipronil-treated pTr and pLE cells. Finally, the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of fipronil were also demonstrated in 3D cell culture conditions. In summary, our results suggest that fipronil impairs implantation potentials in fetal trophectoderm and maternal endometrial cells during early pregnancy.

Microalgae have become imperative for biological wastewater treatment. Its capability in biological purification of wastewaters from different origins while utilizing wastewater as the substrate for growth has manifest great potentials as a sustainable and economical wastewater treatment method. The wastewater grown microalgae have also been remarked in research to be a significant source of value-added bioproducts and biomaterial. This paper highlights the multifaceted roles of microalgae in wastewater treatment from the extent of microalgal bioremediation function to environmental amelioration with the involvement of microalgal biomass productivity and carbon dioxide fixation. Besides, the uptake mechanism of microalgae in wastewater treatment was discussed in detail with illustrations for a comprehensive understanding of the removal process of undesirable substances. The performance of different microalgae species in the uptake of various substances was studied and summarized in this review. The correlation of microalgal treatment efficacy with various algal strain types and the bioreactors harnessed for cultivation systems was also discussed. Studies on the alternatives to conventional wastewater treatment processes and the integration of microalgae with accordant wastewater treatment methods are presented. Current research on the biological and technical approaches for the modification of algae-based wastewater system and the maximization of biomass production is also reviewed and discussed. The last portion of the review is dedicated to the assertion of challenges and future perspectives on the development of microalgae-based wastewater treatment technology. This review serves as a useful and informative reference for readers regarding the multifaceted roles of microalgae in the application of wastewater biotreatment with detailed discussion on the uptake mechanism.

To prevent spreads of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), China adopted the lockdown measures in late January 2020, providing a platform to study the response of air quality and atmospheric chemical and physical properties to strict reduced emissions. In this study, the continuous measurements of aerosol light absorption were conducted in Nanjing, east China, from January 3 to March 31, 2020. Our results showed that the contribution of black carbon (BC) to light absorption at the different wavelengths was more than 75% and the rest light absorption was contributed by brown carbon (BrC), which was mainly originated from primary emissions. Secondary BrC absorption, which was mainly produced by photochemical oxidation, constituted a minor fraction (2–7%) of the total absorption. Compared with the sampling in the pre-lockdown, the significant decreases of BC (43%) and secondary BrC absorption (31%) were found during the lockdown period, resulting in a substantial decrease of solar energy absorbance by 36% on a local scale. The control measures also changed the diurnal variations of light absorption. Due to the reduced emissions, the relative fraction of fossil fuel to BC also dropped from 78% in the pre-lockdown to 71% in the lockdown. The concentrations of BC, PM₂.₅ and NO₂ decreased 1.1 μg m⁻³, 33 μg m⁻³ and 9.1 ppb whereas O₃ concentration increased 9.0 ppb during the COVID-19 lockdown period. The decreased concentrations of BC, PM₂.₅ and NO₂ were mainly contributed by both emission reduction (51–64%) and meteorological conditions (36–49%). Our results highlighted that the balance of control measures in alleviation of particulate matter (PM) and O₃ pollution, and meteorology should be seriously considered for improvement of air quality in this urban city of China.