The transport sector is the fourth largest industrial CO₂ emitter in China, next to power sector, iron and steel industries, and nonmetallic mineral product industry, and plays an important role in reducing China’s CO₂ emissions. In this study, a temporal decomposition analysis model, i.e., Logistic Mean Division Index (LMDI), is developed to analyze the influencing factors of CO₂ emissions in China’s transport sector during 2000–2015. Then, a multi-regional spatial decomposition model is employed to identify the key factors to induce the differences in CO₂ emissions of China’s 30 regional transport sectors in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015. Based on the empirical results, we find that both in the temporal and spatial perspectives, the main factors that affect CO₂ emissions in the transport sector are the same ones. From the temporal perspective, the income effect is the dominant factor increasing CO₂ emissions of transport sector, while energy intensity effect and transportation structure effect are the key influencing factors that curb the CO₂ emissions of China’s transport sector, during the whole study period. From the spatial perspective, the income effect, energy intensity effect, and transportation structure effect are the key influencing factors that enlarge the gap of CO₂ emissions of various transport sectors in the key study years. More importantly, the less-developed regions and high energy intensity regions (i.e., the lower energy efficiency regions) are identified to have the great potential to reduce CO₂ emissions of transport sector. Therefore, differentiated mitigation measures and interregional collaborations are encouraged to reduce transport sector’s CO₂ emissions in China.

With an increase of service time of landfills, a great amount of old landfills begin to leak and the leachate impairs the surrounding environment severely. Defining the flow of leachate is significant to the monitoring and restoration of the landfill. Field tests and laboratory tests are often used to investigate the leachate flow. However, many uncontrollable factors may affect the accuracy of field tests, and the application of field test results is usually limited. At the same time, it is difficult to simulate and monitor the migration process of leachate in real time in laboratory. To address this problem, a new physical simulating device is created to simulate the leachate migration under flowing conditions, and improved ERT device is designed to monitor the migration in laboratory tests. The results show that the improved ERT could delineate the migration range well in laboratory tests, providing a new method to investigate the leachate migration in laboratory test and providing a reference to the application of ERT in field tests. The relative variation rate of resistivity could reduce the influence of background, and is very suitable for time-lapse ERT. In addition, the effect of flowing rate, leakage rate, and time on the leachate migration is also investigated. The results show that the horizontal migration rate increases with an increase of flowing rate. The leakage rate has a significant influence on the vertical migration, but has limited effect on the horizontal migration. The curvature of migration front increases with an increase of flowing rate and time.

China’s rapid economic growth is accompanied by seriously environmental pollution. It is the primary task of Chinese government to effectively improve the environmental pollution status while maintaining the rapid and stable economic development. As a new environment governance method, this paper analyzes both environmental and economic effect of third-party governance model concerning “the one who makes pollution makes payment”. Firstly, Deng grey relational analysis and principal component analysis have been adopted to calculate the environmental governance coefficients and to rank the effect of environmental governance for all sample cities. And the consistency of results of the two methods has been evaluated according to Kendall-W coefficients. The two methods reach the same conclusion that the sample cities adopting the third-party governance model can improve the environmental pollution status more effectively. Secondly, Granger causality test is used to analyze the relationship between the third-party model and economic growth. It is concluded that the third-party governance model could effectively promote economic growth of local cities. Lastly, this paper puts forward some measures and improvement methods to promote the third-party governance model in China.

Annually, a great volume of sediment and suspended particulate matters (SPMs) enters into the seas through estuaries. In the estuarine zone, metals present in SPMs may undergo conservative or non-conservative changes. In the present study, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) as the most complex chemical parameter of open sea water and its relationship with the behavior of t metals in the estuarine area were investigated. Dissolved oxygen was used as a strong oxidant to increase the ORP. According to the absorption and desorption experiment, Mn and Cu are desorbed from SPMs during estuarine mixing. However, Zn and Pb are absorbed into the SPMs. In addition, the analysis results were indicative of the conservative behavior of Ni. The results of the three-step chemical partitioning of the SPMs revealed that Mn and Cu are desorbed from the SPMs physically, whereas Zn is absorbed into the SPMs chemically. Also, results showed that Pb is physically desorbed from the SPMs, while it is absorbed into SPMs chemically. All metals, except for Ni and Zn, whose reactions with the SPMs are not affected by an increase in the ORP, are affected by the escalation of this parameter.

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy and toxic metal and easily absorbed by animals and plants; subsequently, it is an environmental risk factor with several toxic effects in humans and animals. The main pathway of human or animal exposure to Cd is through its ingestion by water or food and by particles or fume inhalation during industrial processes. With continuous exposure to small levels of cadmium, it is being deposited in different tissues day after day, causing toxic effects on the liver, kidney, and testes. Long-term exposure to this toxic metal resulted in inflammatory infiltration, necrosis of hepatocytes, degenerative changes in testis tissues, reduction in spermatocytes, degeneration in renal tubules, and hypertrophy of renal epithelium. Therefore, we need an effective treatment to overcome cadmium poisoning. Thus, in the current review, we try to provide compiled reports and summarize information about the toxicological effects of Cd in human, animals, and poultry. This review also provides updated information about the protective actions of herbs and herbal extracts and their role as an effective strategy in reducing or preventing serious health problems and tissue damage in response to Cd toxicity.

This study aimed at investigating the degradation of fungicide carbendazim (CBZ) via photo-Fenton reactions in artificially and solar irradiated photoreactors at laboratory scale and in a semi-pilot scale Raceway Pond Reactor (RPR), respectively. Acute toxicity was monitored by assessing the sensibility of bioluminescent bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri) to samples taken during reactions. In addition, by-products formed during solar photo-Fenton were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS). For tests performed in lab-scale, two artificial irradiation sources were compared (UVλ > ₂₅₄ₙₘ and UV-Visλ > ₃₂₀ₙₘ). A complete design of experiments was performed in the semi-pilot scale RPR in order to optimize reaction conditions (Fe²⁺ and H₂O₂ concentrations, and water depth). Efficient degradation of carbendazim (> 96%) and toxicity removal were achieved via artificially irradiated photo-Fenton under both irradiation sources. Control experiments (UV photolysis and UV-Vis peroxidation) were also efficient but led to increased acute toxicity. In addition, H₂O₂/UVλ > ₂₅₄ₙₘ required longer reaction time (60 minutes) when compared to the photo-Fenton process (less than 1 min). While Fenton’s reagent achieved high CBZ and acute toxicity removal, its efficiency demands higher concentration of reagents in comparison to irradiated processes. Solar photo-Fenton removed carbendazim within 15 min of reaction (96%, 0.75 kJ L⁻¹), and monocarbomethoxyguanidine, benzimidazole isocyanate, and 2-aminobenzimidazole were identified as transformation products. Results suggest that both solar photo-Fenton and artificially irradiated systems are promising routes for carbendazim degradation.

Water pollution is one of the main threats to public health in Pakistan. The watchdogs for drinking water quality are toothless, hence Pakistan’s ranking in maintaining water quality standards is 80th out of 122 nations. Despite such alarming situation coupled with violation of various drinking water quality parameters set by WHO, the risk perception of people remains an unfolded area of research. This paper examines the risk perception of household regarding water pollution in Pakistan and its potential effect on human health. In this way, we present a more analytical interpretation of the subject by collecting data from a survey questionnaire from one of the largest urban cities of Pakistan. Conclusions are drawn which stress that education, income, and knowledge of water pollution have higher impact on risk perception. From this position, and with the development of implications for policy, we demonstrate the need of a systematic quantification of various uncertainties that can provide more realistic support for remediation-related decisions to policy makers.

Ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution has been linked to elevated mortality, especially from cardiovascular diseases. However, evidence on the effects of particulate matter pollution on cardiovascular mortality is still limited in Lanzhou, China. This research aimed to examine the associations of daily mean concentrations of ambient air pollutants (PM₂.₅, PMC, and PM₁₀) and cardiovascular mortality due to overall and cause-specific diseases in Lanzhou. Data representing daily cardiovascular mortality rates, meteorological factors (daily average temperature, daily average humidity, and atmospheric pressure), and air pollutants (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂) were collected from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2017, in Lanzhou. A quasi-Poisson regression model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to estimate the associations. Stratified analyses were also performed by different cause-specific diseases, including cerebrovascular disease (CD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart rhythm disturbances (HRD), and heart failure (HF). The results showed that elevated concentration of PM₂.₅, PMC, and PM₁₀ had different effects on mortality of different cardiovascular diseases. Only cerebrovascular disease showed a significant positive association with elevated PM₂.₅. Positive associations were identified between PMC and daily mortality rates from total cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and ischemic heart diseases. Besides, increased concentration of PM₁₀ was correlated with increased death of cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases. For cerebrovascular disease, each 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₂.₅ at lag4 was associated with increments of 1.22% (95% CI 0.11–2.35%). The largest significant effects for PMC on cardiovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases were both observed at lag0, and a 10 μg/m³ increment in concentration of PMC was associated with 0.47% (95% CI 0.06–0.88%) and 0.85% (95% CI 0.18–1.52%) increases in cardiovascular mortality and ischemic heart diseases. In addition, it exhibited a lag effect on cerebrovascular mortality as well, which was most significant at lag6d, and an increase of 10 μg/m³ in PMC was associated with a 0.76% (95% CI 0.16–1.37%) increase in cerebrovascular mortality. The estimates of percentage change in daily mortality rates per 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ were 0.52% (95% CI 0.05–1.02%) for cerebrovascular disease at lag6 and 0.53% (95% CI 0.01–1.05%) for ischemic heart disease at lag0, respectively. Our study suggests that elevated concentration of atmospheric PM (PM₂.₅, PMC, and PM₁₀) in Lanzhou is associated with increased mortality of cardiovascular diseases and that the health effect of elevated concentration of PM₂.₅ is more significant than that of PMC and PM₁₀.

In this study, a chabazite-rich tuff (CHA) from the Bala deposit of Ankara region (Turkey) and its modified forms (CuCHA, AgCHA, FeCHA, and HCHA samples) were investigated at 273 and 298 K using volumetric apparatus up to 100 kPa. The chabazite samples were characterized by using thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with detector X-ray energy dispersive (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and N₂ adsorption methods. It was found that natural chabazite is composed of predominantly chabazite with small amounts of clinoptilolite and erionite. XRD showed that there are major structural changes to Fe- and H-exchanged chabazite samples. Capacity of chabazites for CH₄ ranged from 0.168 and 1.341 mmol/g. Among all the modified forms, it was observed that Ag form of chabazite zeolite had the greatest methane adsorption capacity at both temperatures.

In this paper, a conceptual model was developed to predict the seepage of oil sands process-affected water with capabilities of evaluating the transport and attenuation of naphthenic acids through the dykes and the foundations of oil sands tailings pond. The model incorporates naphthenic acid diffusion, adsorption, dispersion, advection, and biodegradation, and was modeled through the commercial software tools to predict naphthenic acid fate in both spatial and time scales. The tailing pond of the Muskeg River Mine in the Athabasca oil sands deposit was investigated in the case study. The comparison between the onsite monitoring data and the simulation results was in good agreement. In addition, limiting factors for migration of naphthenic acid were also discussed based on a parametric sensitivity study.