Increasing global emissions has led to research on the role of innovations play combating emissions. Mitigations from innovation perspective have mainly been focused on the role of patent, ignoring the role of trademarks. We therefore investigate the mitigating power of patent and trademarks in the OECD economies, benchmarking patent as the traditional mitigation strategy. Examining the complimentary role, we created an interaction term between patent and trademark. Our study divided the OECD economies into four subpanels which are OECD America, OCED Asia, OECD Europe, and OECD Oceania. We employed the Im, Pesaran and Shin W-stat, Augmented Dickey-Fuller, and Phillips Perron unit root tests, as well as cross-sectional dependence and Westerlund cointegration tests for the preliminary test on the variables. We also adopted ARDL approach to cointegration, Granger causality test, and OLS in examining the relationship between CO₂ and patent, trademark, urbanization, and economic growth. Findings show that jointly, eco-patents and trademarks mitigate CO₂ emissions. Also, bidirectional or unidirectional causal relationship was established between our variables of study, an indication that most of our variables can be used in forecasting one other.

On-site sanitation is the most preferred mode of sanitation due to expensive off-site sanitation. The increasing population especially in the peri-urban areas has led to increasing use of on-site sanitation systems in India. However, the habitations in the vicinity of these systems do not have centralised water supply and are dependent on groundwater sources. However, there is concern about leaching of faecal coliforms and nitrate from the septic tanks to the underlying aquifer. The present study is attempted at two sites in the coastal city of Chennai where on-site sanitation is prevailing. The sample locations (16 nos.) are selected in such a way that groundwater sources are situated in the vicinity of on-site sanitation systems. The groundwater sources are the bore wells installed by the private agencies. It is observed that parameters considered key parameters to study the impact of the on-site sanitation systems, namely Na2⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, faecal coliform and total dissolved solids, exceed the concentration limits recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The piper diagram analysis identifies that the predominant cations and anions are respectively Na⁺, and Cl⁻, SO₄⁻ and HCO₃⁻.The Gibbs plot shows ground water quality is dominated by the evaporation process in both the seasons. The Cl/HCO₃ ratio in many samples confirms the seawater intrusion in the study area. Elevated concentrations of faecal coliforms in all the samples (16 nos.) confirm the significant amount of groundwater pollution from the on-site sanitation systems. It is desired that policy planners and implementation agencies should undertake detailed scientific and hydrogeological studies of the region in order to examine the feasibility of implementing on-site sanitation systems.

Given that the volume of carbon emissions in the US is a significant share of the global greenhouse gas emissions, some salient factors are being currently examined so as to reverse the threat to global environmental sustainability. To this regard, the current study investigates the co-movement and long-term and short-term causal relationship between CO₂ emission (a proxy for environmental quality) and renewable consumption, immigration, and healthcare by using the wavelet coherence approach which primarily provides information on dynamic correlations over time and for different time scales. The coherence approach allows the one-dimensional time data into the bi-dimensional time-frequency sphere between the variables. In addition to investigating the causal relationship between CO₂ and renewable consumption, immigration, and healthcare, this study also employs gradual-shift causality and Toda-Yamamoto causality tests. With this, the study found a high variation for CO₂ emission in the US at 8 scales (8 quarters) from 1999 to 2008. Additionally, there is significant feedback causality between CO₂ emission and renewable consumption at different scales while a positive correlation between the variables is observed in the short run. Similarly, the result reveals that immigration significantly causes CO₂ emission in the US from 2008 to 2010 and a two-way causality is detected between CO₂ emission and healthcare at different frequencies and time period. Moreover, the Toda-Yamamoto causality and gradual-shift causality tests provide supportive evidence to the outcomes of the wavelet coherence–based causality test in this study. Overall, the investigation offers significant policy directive especially toward addressing the potential adverse effects from the country’s immigration and healthcare amendments.

Manipulating insect behavior through the deployment of semiochemicals offers a promising opportunity for protecting crops in a sustainable manner. Therefore, there is still a significant opportunity for the development of natural crop protectants as eco-friendly tools in pest management. In this context, the aim of the current investigation is to find a novel prophylactic against the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) and to gain a better understanding of the host-finding and selection ability of the ACP towards Murraya paniculata seedlings treated with Sophora alopecuroides alkaloids extract (SAAE). Our results indicate that foliar application of SAAE influences the psyllid host-finding and selection process. The behavioral assay with M. paniculata seedlings treated with 15 and 30 mg/mL of SAAE, with masked visual cues, revealed that only 6.6 and 10.4% psyllids were able to locate the host in the vials. The results also indicate that citrus psyllids mainly rely on both visual and olfaction in host-finding and selection. In choice settling experiments, psyllids settled almost completely on control seedlings rather than on seedlings treated with SAAE at a concentration of 30 mg/mL. Chemical analyses of the alkaloids extract revealed the presence of sophocarpine (33.90%), sophoridine (6.23%), anagyrine (2.77%), matrine (2.38%), lupanine (1.68%) aphylline (0.89%), and sophoramine (0.75%). In further behavioral bioassays with the dominant alkaloids sophocarpine and sophoridine, the alkaloids repelled ACP at higher concentrations of 50 and 70 mg/mL as compared to SAAE. Furthermore, the 50 mg/mL (1:1, v/v) combination of sophocarpine and sophoridine displayed a synergistic effect and showed the maximum behavioral effect as compared to the individual alkaloid. Based on our results, SAAE makes M. paniculata seedlings unattractive to the psyllids, and therefore, alkaloids could be used in reducing the colonization of citrus plants, subsequently curtailing HLB infection.

In this study, a Bi₂Fe₄O₉ catalyst with nanoplate morphology was fabricated using a facile hydrothermal method. It was used as a catalyst to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for aqueous sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal. A comprehensive performance evaluation of the Bi₂Fe₄O₉/PMS system was conducted by investigating the effects of pH, PMS dosage, catalyst loading, SMX concentration, temperature, and halides (Cl⁻ and Br⁻) on the degradation of SMX. The Bi₂Fe₄O₉/PMS system demonstrated a remarkable catalytic activity with >95% SMX removal within 30 min (conditions: pH 3.8, [Bi₂Fe₄O₉] = 0.1 g L⁻¹, [SMX]:[PMS] mol ratio =1:20). It was found that both Cl⁻ and Br⁻ can lead to the formation of PMS–induced reactive halide species (i.e. HClO, HBrO, and Br₂) which can also react with SMX forming halogenated SMX byproducts. Based on the detected degradation byproducts, the major SMX degradation pathway in the Bi₂Fe₄O₉/PMS system is proposed. The SMX degradation by Bi₂Fe₄O₉/PMS system in the wastewater secondary effluent (SE) was also investigated. The results showed that SMX degradation rate in the SE was relatively slower than in the deionized water due to (i) reactive radical scavenging by water matrix species found in SE (e.g.: dissolved organic matters (DOCs), etc.), and (ii) partial deactivation of the catalyst by DOCs. Nevertheless, the selectivity of the SO₄•⁻ towards SMX degradation was evidenced from the rapid SMX degradation despite the high background DOCs in the SE. At least four times the dosage of PMS is required for SMX degradation in the SE to achieve a similar SMX removal efficiency to that of the deionized water matrix.

A pilot-scale drinking water treatment process for Songhua River, including conventional treatment (coagulation-settlement and rapid sand filtration), ozonation, biological enhanced activated carbon (BEAC) filtration, and chlorination disinfection, was carried out in this study. To investigate the impact of ozonation and BEAC filtration on removing the composition of micropollutants in drinking water, we detected the micropollutant composition from each stage of the treatment process by non-targeted analysis using a GC-MS technique and compared the results between effluents of single BEAC and O₃-BEAC processes. Aromatic compounds and esters could be abated efficiently during single BEAC filtration via biodegradation and adsorption; however, possible metabolic products (i.e., alkenes) were formed by biodegradation. Comparatively, O₃-BEAC process could reduce micropollutants much more significantly than single BEAC process especially for aromatic compounds including substituted benzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) without the formation of metabolic products through the coupling effect of oxidation, biodegradation, and adsorption, suggesting that ozonation improved the removal potential of micropollutants in the BEAC process. In addition, conventional and novel chlorinated disinfection by-products were also measured during post-chlorination.

Allogenic organic matter (AOM) composed of extracellular and intracellular organic matter (EOM and IOM) is a major precursor of halogenated carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs and N-DBPs) upon chlorination. The EOM and IOM extracted from Microcystis aeruginosa were analyzed based on bulk parameters and organic fractions with different molecular weight by liquid chromatography with organic carbon detection (LC-OCD). It investigated the efficiency of a conventional gravity system (CGS) and dissolved air flotation (DAF) in the removal of organic precursors, together with measurement of the formation of four major trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) in treated water upon chlorination. The results showed that EOM accounted for 59% of building blocks and humic substances, whereas for IOM, 54% were low molecular weight (LMW) neutrals. Both CGS and DAF showed 57–59% removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from EOM and IOM. Regarding DON removal, DAF was found to be more effective, i.e., 8% higher than CGS for EOM. Moreover, the removal of LMW acids and neutrals (not easy to remove and are major precursors of DBPs) from EOM and IOM by DAF was higher than from CGS. The amounts of DBPs measured in all the samples treated for interchlorination were much lower than in the samples for prechlorination. Although the precursors of EOM had a higher concentration than in IOM, THMs and HANs were detected for IOM at a higher concentration, which might be attributed to higher amounts of aromatic, aliphatic moisture and protein compounds in the IOM. Comparatively, DAF showed lower THM and HAN values than CGS water, particularly for IOM. Also, DAF showed a sharp decrease in THMs and an insignificant increase in HANs according to time.

For assessing the effect and threshold of PM₂.₅ on mortality in highly polluted areas and further studying the standard applicability, daily data on meteorological factors, air pollutants, and mortality were obtained in Jinan, China, from 2011 to 2017. A generalized additive model (GAM) and a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) were employed to assess the nonlinearity and the hysteresis of associations. We further explored the breakpoints to evaluate the existence of the threshold. The correlation between mortality and PM₂.₅ was nonlinear. The impact of average PM₂.₅ on non-accidental mortality (RR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.16), cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality (RR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.24), and respiratory disease (RD) mortality (RR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.24) reached the highest in the current day (lag 0). The excess risks of PM₂.₅ at secondary standard level to non-accidental, CVD, and RD mortality are 8.79% (95% CI = 3.84, 13.98), 14.41% (95% CI = 7.79, 21.43), 15.35% (95% CI = 1.76, 30.74), respectively. The saturation points exist in highly polluted areas. Above the saturation points of 247 μg/m³ for non-accidental mortality, 245 μg/m³ for CVD mortality, and 250 μg/m³ for RD mortality, the model of all three relationships presented a harvesting effect. This study underscores the necessity of the ongoing efforts of reducing particulate air pollution and the adjustment of the standards in seriously polluted areas to adapt to regional conditions. At the same time, for highly polluted areas, it is advocated to strengthen personal protection to decrease the saturation point and control the concentration of pollutants as much as possible, which will substantially save more cost that benefits the public.

The successful phytoextraction of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) from polluted soils can be achieved by growing non-food and industrial crops. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the main industrial crops and is widely grown in many countries. Tobacco can uptake high concentrations of PTEs especially in aboveground biomass without suffering from toxicity. This review highlighted the potential of tobacco for the phytoextraction of heavy metals and tolerance mechanisms under metal stress. Different management practices have been discussed which can enhance the potential of this plant for metal extraction. Finally, suitable options for the management/disposal of biomass enriched in excess metal have been elaborated to prevent secondary pollution.

Cadmium (Cd) stress is a serious concern in agricultural soils worldwide, and increasing accumulation and subsequent transfer to humans via the food chain can have potentially harmful effects. In this study, field experiments were conducted to examine the uptake and translocation of Cd in rice, changes in the soil Cd speciation, and the subsequent effect on Cd accumulation in rice under combined organic (farmyard manure and crop straw) and inorganic (sepiolite, lime, and calcium-magnesium phosphate) soil amendments. The results showed that farmyard manure combined with sepiolite or lime and straw combined with lime or calcium-magnesium phosphate reduced the Cd translocation from the rice roots to the straw and the grains, significantly decreasing the Cd accumulation in brown rice. In addition, straw combined with sepiolite, lime, or calcium-magnesium phosphate reduced the Cd accumulation in brown rice but increased the Cd translocation from the roots to the straw by 37.8–279.3% compared with the control. Organic-inorganic amendments also decreased the soil exchangeable Cd and increased the organic-bound Cd by more than 40%. Fe-Mn oxide-bound Cd also increased but varied with growth. Cd accumulation in brown rice showed a significant positive relationship with soil exchangeable Cd at 90 days after transplantation, while at 30 days, the increase in Fe-Mn oxide- and organic-bound Cd was found to be the key factor in reducing the Cd accumulation in rice. These findings suggest that straw (under rice-rape rotation) and farmyard manure (under rice-wheat rotation) combined with sepiolite or lime are widely applicable as agronomic control techniques aimed at lowering Cd pollution.