Flood frequency analysis is crucial for understanding flood risks in specific regions. This study applied the Gumbel Distribution Method to analyze flood frequency using river discharge data from the Kadamaian and Wariu Rivers in Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia. The analysis involved data collection, parameter estimation, goodness-of-fit testing, and determination of annual recurrence intervals (ARIs). The study found that the ARIs for the Kadamaian and Wariu Rivers are 50 years and 30 years, respectively, highlighting the need for targeted flood mitigation strategies in these areas. These findings emphasize the higher flood risk in the Kadamaian River basin, necessitating more robust flood control measures compared to the Wariu River basin. The Gumbel distribution provided accurate flood frequency estimations validated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and correlation coefficient (R2). The calculated ARIs offer valuable insights for flood hazard assessment and contingency planning. These findings underscore the importance of accurate flood frequency analysis in enhancing flood mitigation strategies and disaster preparedness. It is recommended that local authorities incorporate these results into flood management and urban planning initiatives.

This study presents a comprehensive statistical and meteorological investigation of the western part of Iraq, specifically focusing on the Anbar governorate. To facilitate a detailed analysis, the study area was divided into four sections corresponding to the geographical directions: north, south, east, and west. The primary objective was to evaluate the potential for solar power exploitation in this region by analyzing a wide range of physical and meteorological data. The study encompassed various parameters including solar irradiation, air temperature, and other climatic variables that influence solar power generation. The physical and meteorological data demonstrated a strong correlation in most cases, indicating a consistent trend across the study area. However, two variables— diffuse horizontal irradiation and air temperature—showed inverse trends, deviating from the general pattern. These deviations were carefully analyzed to understand their impact on solar power potential. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that regions with elevated terrains, particularly in the western and southern parts of the Anbar governorate, exhibited higher solar power gains. This finding is significant as it highlights the influence of topography on solar energy potential. The combination of statistical and meteorological data provided a robust framework for assessing the feasibility of solar power projects in the region. The results of this study indicate the promising potential for solar power generation in the Anbar governorate. The integration of statistical and meteorological analyses offers valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders involved in renewable energy planning and development. This investigation paves the way for future research and practical applications aimed at harnessing solar energy in western Iraq.

The swift process of industrialization and urbanization in our society has resulted in a growing issue of wastewater production, which presents a substantial danger to ecosystems and human well-being. This study examines the efficacy of aquatic plants in wastewater treatment by using their innate ability to remove pollutants. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), and duckweeds (Lemnaceae) are types of aquatic plants that have been thoroughly researched due to their capacity to cleanse domestic, industrial, agricultural, and wastewater. This study encompasses a range of studies completed from 2014 to 2024, which investigate the efficacy of different aquatic plants in eliminating contaminants and provide insights into the specific mechanisms employed by these plants. Research has revealed remarkable findings, indicating that specialist plants can eliminate pollutants, including nitrogen, phosphate, and heavy metals, with an efficiency of up to 100%. Furthermore, the incorporation of these plants into wetlands and natural purification systems has been demonstrated to enhance the purification process by stimulating increased biomass production and the absorption of noxious gases. Future research should give priority to genetically modifying plants to enhance their capacity for absorbing contaminants and to develop integrated systems for treating wastewater. In summary, this study showcases the capacity of aquatic plants to serve as a highly effective and eco-friendly substitute for wastewater treatment. Implementing phytoremediation techniques can enhance the sustainability of water management practices and aid in safeguarding our ecosystems and the health of society

Groundwater contamination near the municipal solid waste dump at the Papua New Guinea University of Technology (PNGUoT) has raised serious health concerns in the local communities. To testify to this, a research study was conducted to quantify the presence of heavy metals. Water sample analyses showed Cd levels ranging from 0.0002 to 0.02 mg.L-1, Pb from 0.00002 to 0.094 mg.L-1, and Hg from 0.0001 to 0.052 mg.L-1, all of which exceed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) safe drinking water limits. These metals are known to cause a range of health problems, including kidney disease, cancer, brain damage, and developmental delays in children. The situation calls for urgent action to safeguard the local community’s health. Immediate improvements in waste management, such as better landfill designs with systems to capture and treat leachate, are needed to prevent further contamination of groundwater. Additionally, water treatment technologies like reverse osmosis should be considered to provide safe drinking water. Regular monitoring of groundwater quality and public health education in the area are also key steps in minimizing risks. These combined efforts will help ensure safer water for the community and more responsible management of the waste disposal site.

Using algae to break down or detoxify dangerous environmental pollutants, thereby changing them into a non-hazardous condition, is known as bioremediation. Investigating the ability of the green algae Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turpin) Brébisson to break a particular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) known as Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), Under regulated laboratory circumstances and on BG11 media, the alga was cultivated and exposed to different BaP dosages (0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study helped to ascertain the BaP concentration. Involving the growth curve, doubling time, photosynthetic pigments, total protein, carbohydrates, and Lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde MDA) levels, the research investigated various physiological and biochemical aspects. Furthermore, measured were the levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whereas the lowest growth rate was 0.00047 on the 15th day at a concentration of 1.5 mM, the maximum growth rate (k) recorded was 0.391 on the 7th day at a concentration of 0.5 mM. Doubling time also varied from 0.00014 throughout the 15th day with 1.5 mM and from 0.1179 throughout the 7th day with 0.5 mM BaP. The results showed a definite influence of the different quantities of BaP degradation by S. quadricauda; the greatest magnitude was 40.13 throughout the 15th with 0.5 mg.L-1, while the lowest magnitude was 0 throughout the 1st day with 0.5 Mm. While the min magnitude was 0.41µg.mL-1 in 0.5 mM throughout 1st day, the max magnitude of chlorophyll-a was 18.71 (µg.mL-1) in 1.5 mM throughout the 15th day. Whereas the greatest magnitude was 9.19 µg.mL-1 in 1.5 mM throughout the 15th day, the lowest magnitude of chlorophyll b was 0.36 µg.mL-1 in 1.5 mM throughout the 1st day. While the min was 0.013 on 1st day with 1 mM, the max magnitude of ROS was 0.28 until the 15th day with 1.5 mM. With 1 mM over 1st day, the carbohydrate showed a max magnitude of 35.13 µm.mL-1, and with 1.5 mM over the 15th day, the min magnitude was 12.25(µm.mL-1). While the min protein content was 1.83 µg.mL-1 in 1.5 Mm throughout the 8th day, the max protein content was 2.14 µg.mL-1 in 1 mM throughout the 8th day; moreover, SOD fluctuated between 22.22 µg.mL-1 in 0.5 mM throughout 1st day, and 60 µg.mL-1 in as the min magnitude throughout 8th day with 1.5 mM. The results show that magnitudes of CAT fluctuated between 13.33 µg.mL-1 in the 8th and 15th mM throughout the 15th day and 73.33 µg.mL-1 in 1 mM throughout the 15th day. MDA showed the largest magnitude 59.92 µmoL.L-1 in 1.5 mM over the 1st day, while the lowest magnitude, 36.58 µmoL.L in 1 mM over the 15th day.

Pollution is a major problem for urban cities and their associated industries. The pollution caused by industries is mainly because of the burning of fossil fuels. Some of the pollutants can be controlled by plantation, but the oxides of nitrogen cannot be controlled only by planting trees. Some extra efforts are required to minimize pollution associated with the normal functioning of the shop floor of the industries concerned but not affecting its performance. The fuel that is best for industrial use is the need of the hour. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles are used as an additive to the rice bran blended biodiesel and analyze the combustion, performance, and emission parameters in the single-cylinder four-stroke engine water-cooled powered by diesel normally utilized in industries at a constant speed and compression ratio. The available fuel alternatives for testing consist of multiple combinations of diesel fuel and RB biodiesel, each with varying proportions. Furthermore, many gasoline mixes additionally have Zinc Oxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 30 parts per million (ppm). The findings suggest that the brake-specific fuel consumption of Rice bran biodiesel combined with Zinc oxide nano additive exhibits a consistent enhancement, but the brake thermal efficiency declines in comparison to diesel fuel. The concentrations of hydrocarbon (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) have been reduced. However, there has been a small rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). When rice bran biodiesel fuel combined with Zinc Oxide nano additive was used, an abnormally high exhaust gas temperature (EGT) was detected. According to this research, the addition of Zinc Oxide nano additive to rice bran biodiesel blends improves performance and decreases the noxious exhaust emissions generated by diesel engines.

Lead contamination poses a major threat to health and environmental well-being. The remediation of this heavy metal from water sources is essential to safeguard health and ensure access to clean water. In this study, Peanut hull was used as a biosorbent for lead (Pb) removal from water. It focuses on optimizing various parameters important for lead removal. Statistical analysis, such as the Kruskal-Wallis test, was done to assess the significance of these parameters on lead biosorption, and an inverse variance weighting technique was employed to derive the weighted contribution of each variable for fixed Pb removal categories in the range of 80-100% and 80% (below). On analysis, it was found that factors such as pH and biomass dosage played major roles in lead removal. Furthermore, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), were done to find out changes in the structural and elemental characteristics of peanut hull after lead sequestration. Overall, this study highlights the potential of peanut hull as a promising biosorbent for lead removal from water, thereby offering a sustainable solution to water contamination with heavy metals.

This study focuses on assessing the toxicity levels in fruits and vegetables based on the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly in regions affected by industrial and vehicular pollution where the particulate matter deposits on the plant surfaces. Traditional methods, including Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) and HighPerformance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), are used to measure PAH levels in fruits and vegetables, which are found to be valuable but expensive and time-consuming. However, the detection of toxicity relies on either expert knowledge or experimental analysis when compared with the limitations set by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Therefore, in this study, artificial intelligence techniques have been employed to evaluate the toxicity levels based on 16 PAHs. The PAH concentrations in fruits and vegetables were collected from different articles corresponding to safe and unsafe datasets and then validated through statistical analysis. The validated dataset is classified using different machine learning algorithms. Based on the output from the neural network, the level of toxicity is also scaled and compared with the targeted outputs. The promising results of the classification of toxicity using artificial intelligence methods are substantiated by an experimental study and validated through statistical methods. From the results, it can be observed that the machine learning algorithm has given classification accuracy of more than 90% along with their degree of harmfulness. This research holds implications for food safety and public health, offering a novel approach to the interdisciplinary understanding of climate change by addressing the impact of environmental contaminants on the edibility of fruits and vegetables.

This study aims to explore the applications of graphene and chitosan in water splitting and catalysis, focusing on their unique properties and synergistic effects. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to examine their roles in photocatalytic activity and environmental remediation. Graphene, known for its high surface area and conductivity, was analyzed for its ability to enhance charge separation and light harvesting through doping and hybridization with metal nanoparticles. Similarly, chitosan’s biopolymeric nature and strong affinity for transition metals were evaluated for their utility in enzymatic and catalytic applications. Results indicate that graphene’s photocatalytic performance can be significantly improved through doping and functionalization, while chitosan proves effective in wastewater treatment and as a polymeric support for catalysts. The study concludes that the combined use of graphene and chitosan offers promising potential for advancing sustainable energy solutions and environmental technologies.

The objective of this study is to provide a thorough assessment of soil erosion in the Hirshabelle state from 2020 to 2023, utilizing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and advanced geospatial technologies, particularly Google Earth Engine, to guide sustainable land management strategies. The study integrates multiple datasets, including CHIRPS for rainfall measurement, MODIS for land use analysis, and a digital elevation model for slope calculation, to offer a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to soil erosion. The rainfall erosivity (R) factor is calculated using CHIRPS data, while the soil erodibility (K-factor) is derived from the soil dataset. The topographic condition (LS-factor) is computed using the digital elevation model, and the cover-management (C) and support practice (P) factors are determined from the NDVI and land use data, respectively. The findings reveal considerable spatial variation in soil erosion across the Hirshabelle state. The results are categorized into five levels based on the severity of soil loss: very low (<5), low (5-10), moderate (10-20), high (20-40), and very high (≥40). While areas classified under “very low” soil loss are dominant, indicating relatively stable soils, regions under “very high” soil loss signal potential land degradation and the need for immediate intervention. Furthermore, the study revealed the intricate interplay of slope, vegetation, and land use in influencing soil erosion. Areas with steeper slopes and less vegetation were more susceptible to soil loss, emphasizing the need for targeted soil conservation measures in these regions. The land use factor played a crucial role, with certain land uses contributing more to soil erosion than others.