A module to estimate risks of ozone damage to vegetation has been implemented in the Integrated Assessment Modelling system for the Iberian Peninsula. It was applied to compute three different indexes for wheat and Holm oak; daylight AOT40 (cumulative ozone concentration over 40 ppb), cumulative ozone exposure index according to the Directive 2008/50/EC (AOT40-D) and PODY (Phytotoxic Ozone Dose over a given threshold of Y nmol m−2 s−1). The use of these indexes led to remarkable differences in spatial patterns of relative ozone risks on vegetation. Ozone critical levels were exceeded in most of the modelling domain and soil moisture content was found to have a significant impact on the results. According to the outputs of the model, daylight AOT40 constitutes a more conservative index than the AOT40-D. Additionally, flux-based estimations indicate high risk areas in Portugal for both wheat and Holm oak that are not identified by AOT-based methods.

International audience | Organochlorinated compounds including PolyChloroBiphenyles, Dichloro-DiphenylTrichloroethan and metabolites are determinated in Stenella coeruleoalba (n = 37) stranded on the french Mediterranean coasts from 2007 till 2009. Studies are carried out on lung, muscle, kidney, liver, and blubber. The sought-after compounds are all detected to variable levels in each tissue and organ. In general, total PCBs are the most abondant, followed by total DDTs. The concentration (in ng g(-1) of lipid weight) in blubber of S. coeruleoalba, varied from 2,052 to 158,992 for PCBs and from 1,120 to 45,779 for DDTs. The ratios DDE/tDDTs are higher than 80% in almost all samples. The overall results of this work, compared to previous studies concerning the Mediterranean Sea, seems to confirm the tendency to a decrease of the contamination by organics compounds for the cetaceans in the Western Mediterranean Sea. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]TED [Axe_IRSTEA]TED-EPURE | International audience | Modeling water flow in a VFCW is a prerequisite to model wastewater treatment using process based filtering models. As for soils, when the vertical structure varies in different material types, it has a significant impact on water flow passing through it. The heterogeneous filtering material is composed of a mix of mineral porous material, and organic matter which makes its hydraulic characterization a difficult task. Indeed, the porosity may serve as preferential flow paths through which water can bypass most of the soil porous matrix in a largely unpredictable way. Consequently, non-equilibrium conditions in pressure heads are created between preferential flow paths and the soil matrix pore region. Preferential flows limit the applicability of standard models for water flow that are commonly based on Richards’ equation. Even if it is possible to simulate water content variations within a VFCW, we can not correctly model outflow with the standard van Genuchten-Mualem function. A number of various model approaches have been proposed to overcome this problem. These models mostly try to separately describe flow and transport in preferred flow paths and slow or stagnant pore regions. The objective of this study was to compare the various existing models simulating the preferential flows within the French VFCWs. Moreover, by assuming that several layers hydraulically different compose the VFCW, we tested at which layer(s) it is necessary to apply the non-equilibrium models. A tracer experiment was performed to evaluate the non-equilibrium degree. It was conducted on a 100 p.e. plant in operation since 2004. Monitoring consisted in measuring inlet and outlet flows, infiltration rates and water content at a time interval of 1 minute. We used the HYDRUS-1D software package containing various non-equilibrium flow modeling approaches. The physical non-equilibrium transport models were used to simulate outflow, the tracer breakthrough curve as well as water contents within a French-type VFCW. Physical non-equilibrium models include the dual-porosity model (mobile-immobile water model, with water content mass transfer or head mass transfer), and the dual-permeability model (matrix and fracture pore regions). We also applied a bimodal single-domain approach (Durner model) in order to see if it is actually necessary to use non-equilibrium models to effectively simulate VFCW outflow. Performance of the various non-equilibrium models (accuracy and limitation) was assessed by comparing the simulated and measured tracer fluxes using the mean square relative error (MSRE) of prediction. The comparison between measured and simulated tracer breakthrough curves indicates that the non-equilibrium (dual-porosity or dual-permeability model) approach seem to be the most appropriate for simulating preferential flow paths. In addition, simulations reveal that all layers participate in the preferential flow path process. These preferential flow paths are mainly due to the sludge layer that has been developed on the surface of VFCW since its start-up (swelling/shrinking during the feeding/rest periods) and to the network of roots and rhizomes present in it.

Modeling water flow in a VFCW is a prerequisite to model wastewater treatment using process based filtering models. As for soils, when the vertical structure varies in different material types, it has a significant impact on water flow passing through it. The heterogeneous filtering material is composed of a mix of mineral porous material, and organic matter which makes its hydraulic characterization a difficult task. Indeed, the porosity may serve as preferential flow paths through which water can bypass most of the soil porous matrix in a largely unpredictable way. Consequently, non-equilibrium conditions in pressure heads are created between preferential flow paths and the soil matrix pore region. Preferential flows limit the applicability of standard models for water flow that are commonly based on Richards’ equation. Even if it is possible to simulate water content variations within a VFCW, we can not correctly model outflow with the standard van Genuchten-Mualem function. A number of various model approaches have been proposed to overcome this problem. These models mostly try to separately describe flow and transport in preferred flow paths and slow or stagnant pore regions. The objective of this study was to compare the various existing models simulating the preferential flows within the French VFCWs. Moreover, by assuming that several layers hydraulically different compose the VFCW, we tested at which layer(s) it is necessary to apply the non-equilibrium models. A tracer experiment was performed to evaluate the non-equilibrium degree. It was conducted on a 100 p.e. plant in operation since 2004. Monitoring consisted in measuring inlet and outlet flows, infiltration rates and water content at a time interval of 1 minute. We used the HYDRUS-1D software package containing various non-equilibrium flow modeling approaches. The physical non-equilibrium transport models were used to simulate outflow, the tracer breakthrough curve as well as water contents within a French-type VFCW. Physical non-equilibrium models include the dual-porosity model (mobile-immobile water model, with water content mass transfer or head mass transfer), and the dual-permeability model (matrix and fracture pore regions). We also applied a bimodal single-domain approach (Durner model) in order to see if it is actually necessary to use non-equilibrium models to effectively simulate VFCW outflow. Performance of the various non-equilibrium models (accuracy and limitation) was assessed by comparing the simulated and measured tracer fluxes using the mean square relative error (MSRE) of prediction. The comparison between measured and simulated tracer breakthrough curves indicates that the non-equilibrium (dual-porosity or dual-permeability model) approach seem to be the most appropriate for simulating preferential flow paths. In addition, simulations reveal that all layers participate in the preferential flow path process. These preferential flow paths are mainly due to the sludge layer that has been developed on the surface of VFCW since its start-up (swelling/shrinking during the feeding/rest periods) and to the network of roots and rhizomes present in it.

International audience | Organochlorinated compounds including PolyChloroBiphenyles, Dichloro-DiphenylTrichloroethan and metabolites are determinated in Stenella coeruleoalba (n = 37) stranded on the french Mediterranean coasts from 2007 till 2009. Studies are carried out on lung, muscle, kidney, liver, and blubber. The sought-after compounds are all detected to variable levels in each tissue and organ. In general, total PCBs are the most abondant, followed by total DDTs. The concentration (in ng g(-1) of lipid weight) in blubber of S. coeruleoalba, varied from 2,052 to 158,992 for PCBs and from 1,120 to 45,779 for DDTs. The ratios DDE/tDDTs are higher than 80% in almost all samples. The overall results of this work, compared to previous studies concerning the Mediterranean Sea, seems to confirm the tendency to a decrease of the contamination by organics compounds for the cetaceans in the Western Mediterranean Sea. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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