Sediment samples from three coastal sites - two beach resorts (Beach 1 and Beach 2 sites) and an area lying between an oil refinery and a river estuary (Estuarine site) - were analyzed for antibiotic- and heavy metal (HM)-resistant enterococci.A total of 123 enterococci, 36 E. faecium, 34 E. casseliflavus, 33 E. hirae, 5 E. faecalis, 3 E. durans, 3 E. gallinarum, and 9 Enterococcus spp, were recovered. Strains resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline and quinupristin/dalfopristin (Q/D) were recovered from all sites, whereas multidrug-resistant isolates were recovered only from “Beach 2” (14%) and “Estuarine” (3.7%). As regards HM resistance, the strains showed a high frequency (68%) of cadmium and/or copper resistance and uniform susceptibility to mercury. The prevalence of cadmium-resistant strains was significantly higher among erythromycin-resistant than among erythromycin-susceptible strains. A significant association between cadmium or copper resistance and Q/D resistance was also observed at “Estuarine” site. The levels of the two HMs in sediment from all sites were fairly low, ranging from 0.070 to 0.126 μg/g, for cadmium and from 1.00 to 7.64 μg/g for copper. Mercury was always undetectable. These findings are consistent with reports that low HM concentrations may contribute to co-selection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, including enterococci.

Air pollution is an important public health concern especially for children who are particularly susceptible. Latin America has a large children population, is highly urbanized and levels of pollution are substantially high, making the potential health impact of air pollution quite large. We evaluated the effect of air pollution on children respiratory mortality in four large urban centers: Mexico City, Santiago, Chile, and Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.Generalized Additive Models in Poisson regression was used to fit daily time-series of mortality due to respiratory diseases in infants and children, and levels of PM10 and O3. Single lag and constrained polynomial distributed lag models were explored. Analyses were carried out per cause for each age group and each city. Fixed- and random-effects meta-analysis was conducted in order to combine the city-specific results in a single summary estimate.These cities host nearly 43 million people and pollution levels were above the WHO guidelines. For PM10 the percentage increase in risk of death due to respiratory diseases in infants in a fixed effect model was 0.47% (0.09–0.85). For respiratory deaths in children 1–5 years old, the increase in risk was 0.58% (0.08–1.08) while a higher effect was observed for lower respiratory infections (LRI) in children 1–14 years old [1.38% (0.91–1.85)]. For O3, the only summarized estimate statistically significant was for LRI in infants. Analysis by season showed effects of O3 in the warm season for respiratory diseases in infants, while negative effects were observed for respiratory and LRI deaths in children.We provided comparable mortality impact estimates of air pollutants across these cities and age groups. This information is important because many public policies aimed at preventing the adverse effects of pollution on health consider children as the population group that deserves the highest protection.

Humic-like substances (HULIS) are a class of high molecular weight, light-absorbing compounds that are highly related to brown carbon (BrC). In this study, the sources and compositions of HULIS isolated from fine particles collected in Beijing, China during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit were characterized based on carbon isotope (¹³C and ¹⁴C) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analyses, respectively. HULIS were the main light-absorbing components of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), accounting for 80.2 ± 6.1% of the WSOC absorption capacity at 365 nm. The carbon isotope data showed that HULIS had a lower non-fossil contribution (53 ± 4%) and were less enriched with ¹³C (−24.2 ± 0.6‰) relative to non-HULIS (62 ± 8% and −20.8 ± 0.3‰, respectively). The higher relative intensity fraction of sulfur-containing compounds in HULIS before and after APEC was attributed to higher sulfur dioxide levels emitted from fossil fuel combustion, whereas the higher fraction of nitrogen-containing compounds during APEC may have been due to the relatively greater contribution of non-fossil compounds or the influence of nitrate radical chemistry. The results of investigating the relationships among the sources, elemental compositions, and optical properties of HULIS demonstrated that the light absorption of HULIS appeared to increase with increasing unsaturation degree, but decrease with increasing oxidation level. The unsaturation of HULIS was affected by both sources and aging level.

In this report, we establish proof-of-principle demonstrating for the first time genetic engineering of a photoautotrophic microorganism for bioremediation of naturally occurring cyanotoxins. In model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 we have heterologously expressed Sphingopyxis sp. USTB-05 microcystinase (MlrA) bearing a 23 amino acid N-terminus secretion peptide from native Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 PilA (sll1694). The resultant whole cell biocatalyst displayed about 3 times higher activity against microcystin-LR compared to a native MlrA host (Sphingomonas sp. ACM 3962), normalized for optical density. In addition, MlrA activity was found to be almost entirely located in the cyanobacterial cytosolic fraction, despite the presence of the secretion tag, with crude cellular extracts showing MlrA activity comparable to extracts from MlrA expressing E. coli. Furthermore, despite approximately 9.4-fold higher initial MlrA activity of a whole cell E. coli biocatalyst, utilization of a photoautotrophic chassis resulted in prolonged stability of MlrA activity when cultured under semi-natural conditions (using lake water), with the heterologous MlrA biocatalytic activity of the E. coli culture disappearing after 4 days, while the cyanobacterial host displayed activity (3% of initial activity) after 9 days. In addition, the cyanobacterial cell density was maintained over the duration of this experiment while the cell density of the E. coli culture rapidly declined. Lastly, failure to establish a stable cyanobacterial isolate expressing native MlrA (without the N-terminus tag) via the strong cpcB560 promoter draws attention to the use of peptide tags to positively modulate expression of potentially toxic proteins.

Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) is suspected to interfere with fetal development including reproductive and thyroid function and birth outcomes, but published evidence are still sparse. We designed a cross-sectional study to analyze the associations between PCB levels in umbilical cord sera and hormones and birth outcomes of mothers and newborns who are residents from an island. Seven indicator-PCB (PCB-28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180), and five reproductive hormones including luteotropic hormones (LH), estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and anti-Mullerian hormones (AMH), and three thyroid hormones including tri-iodothyronine (T3), tetra-iodothyronine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) were measured in 106 cord sera specimens. Birth outcomes include birth weight, length, head circumference, and gestational age. Multiple linear regression and quartile regression were used to analyze the associations between PCB and each of the hormones and birth outcomes, adjusting for selected potential confounders. The median value of total PCB in umbilical cord sera was 2.02 μg L−1 (IQR, 1.13–4.64). Several negative associations between PCB exposure and reproductive hormones were found. Among them, the β value of PCB-101 for FSH reached −0.38 (95%CI, −0.69, −0.07; p = 0.02). Moreover, we also found some sex-specific associations i.e. PCB-28 was negatively correlated with LH and T and PCB-118 was negatively correlated with T in male newborns but not in female newborns. The associations between PCB and birth outcomes seem to differ by molecular weight of the PCB congeners i.e. the low-chlorinated PCB congeners were negatively associated with gestational age and head circumference while high-chlorinated PCB congeners were positively associated birth weight and gestational age. In this study, we found that PCB congeners with different molecular weight has different associations with hormones and birth outcomes, and future studies are recommended to investigate underlying mechanisms of these associations.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) possesses the potential to interfere with the male reproductive endocrine system in mammals; however, its reproductive toxicity in male zebrafish and associated epigenetic studies have not been explored. In this study, three-month-old male zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of DEHP (0, 10, 33 and 100 μg/L) for 3 months, and then the impact on the reproduction of males and the underlying mechanism were investigated. Histological testing showed that an exposure concentration of 100 μg/L DEHP significantly inhibited spermatogenesis, with an associated decline in capability to fertilize untreated oocytes. Electron microscopic examinations also revealed noticeable damage to the testicular ultrastructure at the 100 μg/L DEHP exposure level. In addition, exposure to 33 and 100 μg/L of DEHP resulted in a decline of circulating testosterone (T) and an increase in the level of 17β-estradiol (E2), both of which were possibly derived from the downregulation of cyp17a1 and hsd17b3 genes and the upregulation of the cyp19a1a gene in the gonads. The DNA methylation statuses of these genes were altered within their promoter regions. A significant increase in global DNA methylation in both the male testes and their offspring larvae was observed at higher exposure concentration of DEHP. Our findings demonstrate that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of DEHP can damage the testes, disturbe the sex hormones production, and inhibite spermatogenesis, which ultimately impairs the reproduction of male zebrafish.

Over the past decade, microscopic plastic debris, known as microplastics, emerged as a contaminant of concern in marine and freshwater ecosystems. Although regularly detected in aquatic environments, the toxicity of those synthetic particles is not well understood. To address this, we investigated whether the exposure to microplastics adversely affects the amphipod Gammarus pulex, a key freshwater invertebrate.Juvenile (6–9 mm) and adult (12–17 mm) individuals were exposed to irregular, fluorescent polyethylene terephthalate fragments (PET, 10–150 μm; 0.8–4,000 particles mL⁻¹) for 24 h. Results show that body burden after 24 h depends on the dose and age of G. pulex with juveniles ingesting more microplastics than adults. After chronic exposure over 48 d, microplastics did not significantly affect survival, development (molting), metabolism (glycogen, lipid storage) and feeding activity of G. pulex.This demonstrates that even high concentrations of PET particles did not negatively interfere with the analyzed endpoints. These results contradict previous research on marine crustaceans. Differences may result from variations in the exposure regimes (e.g., duration, particle concentrations), plastic characteristics (e.g., type, size, shape, additives) as well as the species-specific morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. As a detritivorous shredder G. pulex is adapted to feed on non-digestible materials and might, therefore, be less sensitive towards exposure to synthetic particles. Accordingly, we argue that the autecology needs to be taken into account and that research should focus on identifying traits that render species susceptible to microplastic exposure.

Recent studies have indicated that urban streets can be hotspots for emissions of methane (CH4) from leaky natural gas lines, particularly in cities with older natural gas distribution systems. The objective of the current study was to determine whether leaking sewer pipes could also be a source of street-level CH4 as well as nitrous oxide (N2O) in Cincinnati, Ohio, a city with a relatively new gas pipeline network. To do this, we measured the carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δ2H) stable isotopic composition of CH4 to distinguish between biogenic CH4 from sewer gas and thermogenic CH4 from leaking natural gas pipelines and measured CH4 and N2O flux rates and concentrations at sites from a previous study of street-level CH4 enhancements (77 out of 104 sites) as well as additional sites found through surveying sewer grates and utility manholes (27 out of 104 sites). The average isotopic signatures for δ13C-CH4 and δ2H-CH4 were −48.5‰ ± 6.0‰ and −302‰ ± 142‰. The measured flux rates ranged from 0.0 to 282.5 mg CH4 day−1 and 0.0–14.1 mg N2O day−1 (n = 43). The average CH4 and N2O concentrations measured in our study were 4.0 ± 7.6 ppm and 392 ± 158 ppb, respectively (n = 104). 72% of sites where fluxes were measured were a source of biogenic CH4. Overall, 47% of the sampled sites had biogenic CH4, while only 13% of our sites had solely thermogenic CH4. The other sites were either a source of both biogenic and thermogenic CH4 (13%), and a relatively large portion of sites had an unresolved source (29%). Overall, this survey of emissions across a large urban area indicates that production and emission of biogenic CH4 and N2O is considerable, although CH4 fluxes are lower than those reported for cities with leaky natural gas distribution systems.

At present, the majority of investigations concerning nanotoxicology in the nematode C. elegans address short-term effects. While this approach allows for the identification of uptake pathways, exposition and acute toxicity, nanoparticle-organism interactions that manifest later in the adult life of C. elegans are missed. Here we show that a microhabitat composed of liquid S-medium and live bacteria in microtiter wells prolongs C. elegans longevity and is optimally suited to monitor chronic eNP-effects over the entire life span (about 34 days) of the nematode. Silver (Ag) nanoparticles reduced C. elegans life span in concentrations ≥10 μg/mL, whereas nano ZnO and CeO₂ (1–160 μg/mL) had no effect on longevity. Monitoring of locomotion behaviors throughout the entire life span of C. elegans showed that Ag NPs accelerate the age-associated decline of swimming and increase of uncoordinated movements at concentrations of ≥10 μg/mL, whereas neuromuscular defects did not occur in response to ZnO and CeO₂ NPs. By means of a fluorescing reporter worm expressing tryptophan hydroxylase-1::DsRed Ag NP-induced behavioral defects were correlated to axonal protein aggregation and neurodegeneration in single serotonergic HSN as well as sensory ADF neurons. Notably, serotonergic ADF neurons represented a sensitive target for Ag NPs in comparison to GABAergic neurons that showed no signs of degeneration under the same conditions. We conclude that due to its analogy to the jellylike boom culture of C. elegans on microbe-rich rotting plant material liquid S-medium culture in spatially confined microtiter wells represents a relevant as well as practical tool for comparative identification of age-resolved nanoparticle effects and vulnerabilities in a significant target organism. Consistent with this, specifically middle-aged nematodes showed premature neuromuscular defects after Ag NP-exposure.

Particulate matter 2.5 (PM₂.₅) exposures during pregnancy could lead to declined birth weight, intrauterine developmental restriction, and premature delivery, however, the underlying mechanisms are still not elucidated. There are few studies concerning the effects of PM₂.₅ exposure on maternal and child health in Xi'an (one of the cities with severe air pollution of PM₂.₅ in North China). Then, this study aimed to investigate the effect of PM₂.₅ exposure in Xi'an on the offspring birth weights and the possibly associated epigenetic mechanisms. We found the Low and High groups: the offspring with declined birth weights; the decreased mRNA and protein expression of the estrogen receptor (ERs) and eNOs in the uterus; the decreased endometria vascular diameter maximum (EVDM); the increased mRNA and protein expressions of the DNMT1 and 3b in the uterus; the elevated methylation levels of the CpG sites in the CpG island of ERα promoter region in the uterus. However, no differences were observed in the mRNA or protein expressions of ERβ and DNMT3a between the Clean and PM₂.₅ exposure groups, as well as endometriavascular density (EVD). Additionally, PM₂.₅ level was negatively correlated with the ERα protein expression, EVDM and offspring birth weight, as well as the methylation level of the CpG sites in the CpG island of ERα promoter region and the ERα protein expression in the uterus; whereas the ERα protein expression was positively correlated with the offspring birth weight, as well as PM₂.₅ level and the methylation level of the CpG sites in the CpG island of ERα promoter region in the uterus. Taken together, elevated methylation level of the CpG sites in the CpG island of ERα promoter region reduces ERα expression in the uterus, which could be one of the epigenetic mechanisms that pregnant PM₂.₅ exposure reduces the offspring birth weights.