The objectives of this study were to: (a) estimate milk and beef yields obtained from cows grazing pastures in different stages of degradation; (b) estimate income losses as a result of the degradation process; (c) estimate the proportion of pasture areas found in each stage of degradation within the six administrative regions of Honduras; and (d) identify different strategies and costs to recuperate degraded pastures. Data came from two surveys executed during a workshop carried out in March 2004. The subjective perceptions of 25 livestock producers and 8 extension agents of the 6 administrative regions of Honduras were obtained to estimate the losses of animal productivity within the farm, region, and country. A 4-level scoring of pasture degradation was defined - where 1 was for the best condition (i.e., non-apparent degradation) and 4 was for the worst (i.e., severe degradation). Regressions, explaining the animal productivity losses at each level of pasture degradation, were generated according to the subjective and descriptive information. Comparing the perception of degraded areas, producers considered that in Honduras the extent of pasture degradation is lower compared with extension agents. According to producers, 29% of the pasture area in the country is at Level 1 (i.e., no degradation) compared with only 19% of extension agents. Moreover, producers perceived a lower proportion of pastures in severe degradation (i.e., Level 4, 27%) in comparison with almost 31% perceived by extension agents. In the intermediate degradation levels (i.e., Levels 2 and 3), both groups were similar. The country is forgoing milk and beef production due to the process of pasture degradation. According to estimations from producers, Honduras is loosing 284,106 tonnes of fluid milk and 48,271 tonnes of beef (live weight) annually for having pasture areas in Level 4 (i.e., severe degradation), equivalent to 48% of the annual production of milk and to 37% of beef. In economic terms, these losses in milk and beef yields are worth US$63 and US$48 million annually, respectively. The perception of extension agents is even more alarming. Honduras could produce 66% more milk and 50% more beef annually if livestock producers renovated their pastures before they reached level 4, equivalent to US$94 million in less revenues from milk sales and US$66 million from less beef sales. Both groups perceive that pastures, in an early stage of degradation (i.e., Level 2), are more economical, practical and rapid to recuperate. Also, as the process of degradation advances (i.e., to Levels 3 and 4), both cost and time of recuperating such pastures increase significantly. According to producers, the recuperation of a pasture from Level 4 to Level 1 costs $140/ha and takes almost a half year (i.e., 5.6 months). Extension agents estimate this cost of recuperation 27% higher ($178/ha) with 5% more time (i.e., 5.9 months). Producers perceive that grasses spend proportionately less time in going from Level 1 to 2 (i.e., 2.9 years) and as the process of degradation continues, pastures remain longer at advanced degraded levels (i.e., 3.1 years in going from level 2 to 3, and around 4.0 years in going from level 3 to 4). Moreover, producers think that the average productive life of improved grasses is about 10 years, while extension agents think that grasses degrade faster, with an average productive life of 8.4 years, 16% less than producers. According to producers and extension agents, pastures degrade at an annual rate of 10% and 12%, respectively. With these rates, Honduras would maintain its current level of degradation between levels 2.48 and 2.65. However, the renovation of pastures at an annual rate of 10-12% does not solve the problem, but maintains it. Producers argued that the current financial situation does not allow the necessary cash flow to renovate their plots, and the option of credit is not viable since real interest rates are high (ie., 10%). After simulating this scenario, it was demonstrated that farmers are able to generate the additional income necessary to pay a credit, but only if this credit is taken with interest rates similar to those found in the international market (ie., 3%). In order to eliminate the degraded areas found in Level 4 at the country level, it is necessary a one-time investment of $57 million according to producers and $84 million according to extension agents. The benefit obtained from this investment would result in a daily increase of 156,000 liters of milk and 26,500 kilograms of beef, equivalent to $22 millions/yr. Therefore, there are significant economic and productive incentives for the private and public sectors to develop and execute a plan of action to recuperate pasturelands in advanced stages of degradation.

Les pratiques d'engraissement des agneaux sont étudiées dans les systèmes d'élevage ovins agropastoraux de la zone d'El-Guedid située au Nord-Ouest de la Wilaya de Djelfa. L'élevage de cette région est reconnu et approvisionne en viande rouge ovine les grandes agglomérations algériennes, voire au-delà. En quelques décennies, cet élevage, son système de production et sa filière, ont connu de nombreuses transformations pour s'adapter aux changements : démographique, socioéconomique, biophysique, d'utilisation des terres. Malgré les adaptations de conduite d'élevage, certains savoir-faire ont pu être préservés, notamment en matière d'alimentation. Ainsi la viande de Djelfa reste très appréciée. Les élevages ayant recours à certaines pratiques anciennes, associées à de nouvelles conduites, continuent d'assurer des produits de qualité toute l'année. Les évolutions du contexte et des modes d'élevage ont rendu le contexte favorable au développement de pratiques d'engraissement par les éleveurs. La diversité des conduites alimentaires notamment des pratiques d'engraissement et des stratégies des éleveurs selon leurs systèmes d'élevage sont le coeur de notre questionnement. Nous l'avons abordé selon une méthodologie comprenant plusieurs étapes : i) entretiens chez 86 éleveurs et observations dans des ateliers d'engraissement au sein des exploitations agropastorales ; ii) exploitation de la base de données des suivis du marché ovin de Djelfa pour évaluer les prix des animaux ; iii) traitements des données obtenues à l'aide d'outils statistiques (ACM ; PCOA Gower ; traitements graphiques). Cette étude apporte deux enseignements majeurs, d'une part l'utilisation des territoires steppiques n'est pas exclusif aux élevages naisseurs et d'autre part il ressort une dominance des élevages mobiles (transhumants et semi-transhumants). Les éleveurs sédentaires ne représentent que 15 % de notre échantillon. En outre, nous avons caractérisé quatre types d'éleveurs selon leurs mobilités, s

Extensive comparisons of the effects of tropical shrub legumes rich in condensed tannins (CT) require well-conserved material. It is, however, unclear if the application of even gentle methods like freeze drying (lyophilization) affects the results in comparison to fresh material. Therefore, an experiment with the gas-pressure transducer technique, simulating ruminal fermentation dynamics in vitro, was conducted to investigate the effect of freeze drying on the ruminal nutrient degradability of three tropical multipurpose shrub legumes. Leaves of the CT shrubs Calliandra calothyrsus and Flemingia macrophylla and of the CT-free shrub Cratylia argentea were tested either in fresh form or lyophilized. In order to simulate practical feeding conditions, the legume leaves were incubated together with Brachiaria humidicola (1:2) for 144 h. Additionally, incubations were carried out either with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG) to be able to separate effects either dependent or independent of the CT. Only few differences were found between fresh and lyophilized leaves. These included that the proportion of apparently undegraded nitrogenous compounds was higher in fresh than in lyophilized leaves of Flemingia macrophylla, and freeze drying had a limited influence on volatile fatty acid production in Calliandra calothyrsus. The variables related to degradation dynamics (i.e., total gas production, the time until the point of inflection, apparent dry matter degradability), however, were not influenced. There was also no difference between CT and non-CT plants in that respect, as is also obvious from the lack of interactions of state of the plant material and PEG addition. This indicates that effects of freeze drying of shrub leaves on overall ruminal nutrient degradation in mixed grass-legume diets were minor.

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the fertiliser value of faeces from sheep fed with a diet supplemented with legumes free of or containing condensed tannins. Ten animals received the same five diets in different experimental runs of a double Latin Square design, all consisting of a low quality tropical grass ration, supplemented with 450g/kg legumes. Legume treatments were either solely Vigna unguiculata (a tannin free herbaceous legume) or mixtures of V. unguiculata with either Calliandra calothyrsus or Flemingia macrophylla (both shrub legumes rich in condensed tannins) in ratios of 2:1 and 1:2. Faeces from animals receiving the same diets were pooled and applied at two levels (20 and 80 mg N/kg soil) to pots with seedlings from the cultivar Mulato II, a Brachiaria grass hybrid. An acidic infertile tropical soil was used. Aerial biomass yield and plant N content were evaluated. The results seem to indicate that the N fertiliser value of faeces from sheep receiving a diet supplemented with tanniniferous legumes is not substantially reduced compared to diets free of condensed tannins. However, the data also indicate that nitrogen was not the most limiting element in the soil used since mineral fertilisation without extra nitrogen was efficient, too.

The objectives were to: (1) identify and quantify the effect of technological change on productivity, profitability, and competitiveness in different milk production systems and regions of the country; (2) analyze the relationship between productivity, technological change, profitability, and competitiveness; (3) analyze the evolution of milk production systems in Colombia; and (4) discuss the market concentration and its impact on the formation of milk price. Data came from a survey to 545 farms during the year 2000 in five regions: Caribbean and Piedmont in the lowlands, Coffee Growing, Antioquia, and the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie in the highlands. The survey was designed to quantify inputs and products in order to determine costs and prices at the farm level in order to calculate (a) variable costs for feed supplementation, labor, health, reproduction, fertilization, and irrigation; (b) gross income from the sale of milk and beef, and (c) to characterize farms according to productivity level and management practices. The statistical analysis of multiple correspondence and general linear models were used to explain the variability observed between productivity and profitability as a function of technological change. Independent of the production system or the region where farms were located, the increase in competitiveness was in direct relationship with herd size. Thus, as herd size increased, production costs per unit of milk and beef decreased, net incomes per cow increased, and the return to capital investment improved. However, when this increase in competitiveness was associated with increases in productivity, this trend was not observed, which suggested that highly productive farms were not necessarily competitive. The dual-purpose system was the most profitable one in the Piedmont, Caribbean, and Coffee growing regions while in Antioquia and in the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie the most profitable was the specialized dairy system. With regards to technological change, the adoption of improved pastures and the investment in pasture divisions for a more efficient rotation generated higher productivity and income in all regions and production systems, as well as increased competitiveness through a reduction in production costs per unit of milk and beef. The use of strategic feed supplementation to the basal diet of forage had mixed effects. The best economic response to this supplementation in lowland regions (i.e., Piedmont and Caribbean) was with low quantities (i.e., < 0.5 kg DM/cow/day) of feed supplements while in highland regions (i.e., Coffee Growing area, Antioquia and the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie) was with moderate quantities (i.e., between 0.5 and 2 kg DM/cow/day). The use of fertilization and irrigation increased productivity, but reduced net income and increased production costs, except in the Cundiboyacense altiplanicie. The practice of milking twice a day increased both productivity and profitability and reduced production costs, except in the Caribbeanregion. Farms that de-wormed milking cows with low frequency against internal and external parasites obtained higher incomes and lower production costs in comparison with farms that de-wormed cows with higher frequency although there were no differences in productivity. The amount of years of experience of farmers at producing milk was a key factor to increase profits, although not productivity. Farms located in sites where the commercial value of land was high (>US$6,000/ha) and near market centers had higher productivity that those with commercial value of land medium ($3,000 to $6,000/ha) and low (<$3,000/ha) but were less profitable in all regions.

Working horses are still an important source of income for many families located in urban and peri-urban settings. An adequate health state in these horses is a prerequisite for welfare and work output, this is why the aim of the present study was: i) review the main systemic health problems; ii) describe their morphological characteristics; and iii) classify the drugs used in urban draught horses between 1997 and 2009. Morphological and health information was compiled for 263 horses from a total of 1132 clinical records between 1997 and 2009 by the free healthcare service. Most horses were geldings (38.4%) followed by mares and stallions. The average age was 8.5 years and only 30.4% presented characteristics of a draught type of horse. The main health systemic problems were related to the Integumentary, Locomotor and Respiratory systems respectively, being skin lesions, lameness and nasal discharge the principal diagnosis for each system. In relation to the drugs administered, dewormers (29.9%), vitamins (29.9%) and anti-inflammatories (14.5%) are the most frequent. Continuous revision of extension programmes is necessary to re-design protocols and adopt proper management practices and optimize the use of resources in a sustainable way. The animal and health information revised in this study can be used to set up new intervention strategies based in the selection of proper horses according to the type of work, and for the incorporation of training programmes aimed towards the prevention of health problems such as skin lesions and lameness and recognition of the risks associated to the use of drugs such as anthelmintics.

Une typologie descriptive des systèmes d'élevage camelins a été réalisée sur l'ensemble du territoire mauritanien dans le but d'en connaître la diversité. Au total, 187 élevages camelins des quatre régions du pays (Sud, Centre, Est, Nord) ont été enquêtés. Les 49 variables retenues portaient sur six thèmes : l'éleveur, le troupeau, la santé animale, l'alimentation, les pratiques de traite et les pratiques commerciales. La stratégie statistique s'est appuyée sur une analyse séparée des sous-tableaux regroupant les variables par thème afin de déterminer des types d'éleveurs, de troupeaux, de pratiques alimentaires, de statut sanitaire, de pratiques de traite et de flux commerciaux. Les descriptions de ces types ont été suivies d'une analyse globale permettant d'identifier sept types d'élevage fortement différenciés sur le plan géographique, un effet régional hautement significatif ayant été observé : moyens engraisseurs (n=36), petits mixtes marchands (n=32), moyens peu marchands (n=21), moyens mobiles marchands (n=23), petits peu marchands (n=22), grands marchands (n=15) et grands naisseurs (n=38). Les types sont interprétés au regard du contexte géographique et climatique de chacune des régions.

Une enquête a été réalisée auprès de 100 éleveurs de dromadaires répartis sur les trois zones de la willaya de Ghardaïa. Les informations recueillies ont permis d'élaborer une typologie structurale des systèmes d'élevages pratiqués après analyse statistique. Celle-ci a fait ressortir 5 types d'éleveurs camelins représentant leur diversité. Type 1: représentant 33% de l'effectif des éleveurs enquêtés; ce sont des éleveurs qui possèdent des troupeaux mixtes (camelins, ovins et caprins) avec un faible effectif camelin ou que des troupeaux camelins avec un faible effectif. Type 2: (19% des éleveurs) ces éleveurs possèdent des troupeaux mixtes à dominance cameline. Type 3: (18% des éleveurs) ces éleveurs possèdent des troupeaux mixtes à dominance ovine avec un effectif moyen de camelins. Type 4: (11% des éleveurs) ces éleveurs possèdent des troupeaux d'ovins et camelins seulement. Type 5: (19% des éleveurs) ils possèdent des troupeaux mixtes à dominance ovine et un effectif réduit de camelins. La promotion d'activités durables d'élevage dans le Sud algérien est indispensable pour contribuer à assurer un approvisionnement régulier en protéines animales pour les populations oasiennes.