At the beginning of the twentieth century, most countries in response to the complexities and problems of urbanization began their first actions of spatial planning. Switzerland is not excluded from this list and started spatial planning acts from the lowest level and today, after more than a century, is continuing with emphasis on spatial planning principles of sustainability, public and private partnerships and using extensive modeling and simulation techniques and progress. The purpose of this article is to introduce spatial planning system in this country, and consists of three main sections: the first section is a brief introduction on the political, geographical, economical and social situations. In the second section, it examines the background, and difficulties of spatial planning system and section three has put forth some conclusions. Swiss spatial planning system is done in three levels: Confederation, Canton and Communes with emphasis on vertical and horizontal corporation at different levels of planning and autonomy of Cantons.

This article is investigating the town and country planning in Austria. Although according to new definitions spatial planning in Austria has been started during fifties and sixties of the twentieth century, the issue has been set seriously on the L?nder's agenda of planning as the main authorities since establishing Austrian Conference On Regional Planning (?rok) in 1971.The programs implement at three levels (federal, land and local) in a complex system of power distribution .Federal administration(Bund) is responsible for higher education, water management, railway transportation, highways and federal roads, mines, forestry and finance. The L?nder take responsibility for building laws and zoning, nature protecting, fishing and hunting, agriculture and tax issues. The information is gathered in the regional level and there is coordination among the Bund and adjacent regions in preparing the regional plans and programs. The L?nder provide the required recommendations for monitoring the municipalities and urban plans. The communities are the only level which the spatial planning is implemented in the whole area. This level includes 2342 municipalities (sometimes too small) except Vienna and 14 self-ruled cities. At this level the local plans are being proposed that are legally mandatory and they are required to anticipate the development principles, instrument and land use classification. The plans should be under surveillance and monitoring of the regional authorities. Accessing the European Union, spatial planning has entered a new era dealing with new political, economic and social circumstances and in accordance with interregional planning and new scopes in Europe Since1995.

Spatial planning system of a country is the array of its planning systems. Getting familiar with spatial planning system of different countries and their experiences could help for comparison and accommodation so that making decision and defining appropriate planning system could be done. This article has studied the spatial planning system of Portugal and since there are different factors affecting on the system which are geographical, social, economic, historical and political status, they have been mentioned first and then history of spatial planning and its actual planning with different plans and related rules have been explained. The reasons to select this country are its rapid economic growth and consequently other changes of its spatial planning in recent years.Spatial planning system of a country is the array of its planning systems. Getting familiar with spatial planning system of different countries and their experiences could help for comparison and accommodation so that making decision and defining appropriate planning system could be done. This article has studied the spatial planning system of Portugal and since there are different factors affecting on the system which are geographical, social, economic, historical and political status, they have been mentioned first and then history of spatial planning and its actual planning with different plans and related rules have been explained. The reasons to select this country are its rapid economic growth and consequently other changes of its spatial planning in recent years.

Today, the knowledge of regions’ strong and weak points and the existing gaps between regions is necessary for better planning and programming to deal with them. Using such indexes as economic, sociologic, cultural, sanitary and other indexes which can be good criteria for the position and place determination of these quotients, is the main solving problem factor to achieve economic welfare, sociologic health in assessing stable development. That is the more careful this process is the more effectiveness is expected. Thus in this study three methods of numerical taxonomy, factor analysis and fuzzy logic have been used for the identification of Khuzestan province counties development ranking in 1379 and in 1386. Besides this ranking, comparative analysis of these methods has been done. Results show that the development opportunities of many counties in this province in 1386 compared to 1379 have been destroyed. Results also indicate that condense variability in numerical taxonomy is less than the two other methods. In fact, this method stands between the two methods in the ranking. Perhaps the difference in multiplier is due to standardization which can omit many clustering aspects of criteria. Indeed, it seems that fuzzy logic ranking is more reliable.

Land cover mapping is important for many planning and management activities. Today, satellite images and remote sensing techniques are extensively used in all sectors including agriculture and natural resources because they provide updated data and high analyzing abilities. In this study, in order to produce land cover map for the northern part of Hamedan province , digital satellite data IRSP6 ( Awifs time series data) were used. First, satellite image geometric correction with a mean square error of less than 0.48 pixels was applied. For image classification, the method of fuzzy classification was used. Finally, the land cover map of the study region was classified into thirteen classes. To assess the classified land cover map precision it was controlled for ground truths with a GPS. Kappa coefficient and overall classification accuracy of fuzzy classificotion were estimated 86 and 88 percent respectively. The results confirmed that the fuzzy clofifier was capable to generate land cover maps and cultivation‎ pattern‎ with high accuracy.

In this research, first was identified suitable regions (considering ecological indexes) for intensive and extensive outdoor recreation and their various degrees using the usual tourism ecological model and applying GIS. Results showed that 297.223 hectares of park area have class 1 of extensive outdoor recreation potential, 86.465223 hectares class 2 of extensive outdoor recreation potential, 1.126 hectares class 1 of intensive outdoor recreation potential and 137.417 hectares class 2 of intensive outdoor recreation potential and 16.212 hectares of park area is protection region. In the next step, with field surveys wefound that one of problems that increases rudeness in park nature is absence of attention to all effective factors of outdoor recreation potential of the park. Thus with refer to field, recorded points of water resources, recreation facilities, access road and tourist attractions using GPS these non-ecologic factors as positive informational layers were mixed with primary outdoor recreation capability map and final outdoor recreation capability map was maed. Final results showed that although the usual method is very efficient, it most, because don't consider all effective factors of recreation and enter other informational layers except ecological factors

This article has tried to achieve a full understanding of Regional goals of creating new towns and expand the concept of regional balance , survey these towns especially Andishe new town to balance the regional employment and residence space. Datas have been gathered from Library research methods, In-depth interviews and Match data with satellite images,after that these datas analysised with Cross-sectional and triangulation methods. The results are expressed: Andishe new town by absorbing part of the overflow crowd of Metropolitan area and providing employment to its residents and Surrounding urban areas for its part as a planned place has had the most influence to balance the regional employment and residence space

This paper takes a close look at the process of evolution of France’s spatial planning system. The rich background and solid approach of spatial planning in France, introduces this country as one of the pioneers of planning in various levels from local to urban and regional scales. The vision of this country during last decades especially in the field of spatial-physical development planning and monitoring developmental impacts shows a progressive and evolutionary process. Meanwhile, the essence of two levelled approach to planning that defines development at the strategic level and reveals its fruits at the action plan level has made France successful in achieving development goals and preserving its green-fields. In the inner cities with the approval of the new planning law of “Urban Solidarity and Regeneration” there has been a revision in land use planning approach and the mechanism of “Local Urban Plans” preparation has led to the integration of planning process.

Various industrial processes with a huge variety of products, materials and compounds create different kinds of pollution for human beings, so that the identification of environmental pollutants resulting from industrial units’ activities, especially in water resources seems necessary. The aim of this paper is to estimate the role of industrial units in contaminating water resources, through using pollution index in the effective area on Sabzevar water resources and ranking them according to their level of contamination. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical, and the research data is collected using methods of field data collection. In this study, because of the abundant existence of nitrogen pollutants in water resources in the region we tried to use the burden of nitrogen emission to estimate the volume of industrial pollution. The findings showed that pollution brunt resulting from industrial units of the area on nitrogen in 2008 is equal to twenty three tones, in which leather production units, with approximately forty five percent had the greatest role. According to the findings, waste separation plan of industrial wastewater from municipal as well as establishment of refinery networks which operate wastewater collection and treatment separately in industrial units in the range of Sabzevar, industrial zones and other industries in the studied area has been proposed

Gel Sefid village is in Mashayekh village in central part of Ardal city of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province. In the research, QuickBird satellite image in Google Earth software was used to introduce the landscape of this village and to recognize the whole human uses and natural spots in the study area. Then the resulting map was transferred to ArcGIS 3.1 software and the area land use map was prepared after necessary processes in the software. In addition to the primary harvested polygons for providing the training samples area, field visit once again was accomplished and all the harvested complications were controlled to estimate the accuracy of the harvested complications. Therefore, all the layers were transferred to GPS and all the harvested complications were controlled by referring to the field. In the next step, to analyze the landscape of the study area, Frag Stats software and NP, CA, PERIM, MNN and SHAPE metrics were used. Results showed that local people have created the different uses in the region during consecutive years. The natural bed of area has been forest that the existence of human-made patches such as village, mining, sand workshops, roads and petrochemical pipes have caused the marginal area to face the critical level of danger and have caused the loss of biodiversity in this region. Therefore, the area preservation with the participation of local people should be the priority of programs to prevent the further damages to the area.