The present study aims to provide a solution to optimize land use through multi-objective linear programming, and to solve the conflicts generated in the process using game theory, in two cities of Gorgan and Kurdkoy, Iran. The primary land use planning was completed for seven land use through multi-criteria evaluation and then a first allocation was implanted using MOLA. In the secondary land use planning phase, land use optimization, with multi-objective linear programming was conducted considering economic-social and environmental needs. Environmental requirments such as reducing runoff, non-point nitrogen pollution and soil erosion, were modeled using L-THIA and RUSLE models. For socio-economic parameters job, profit and initial costs were considered. To finalize, a multi-objective linear programming model, was designed. The environmental and socio-economic stakeholders have different needs. That creates conflict in the land use planning process. In the final third phase of the land use planning, game theory was used to resolve conflicts. Environmental and socio-economic players were allowed to play scenarios in triplicate. The results showed the winning changes in land use to the extent that an equilibrium between interest groups was reached.

The present study has been conducted on Shemiranat county landscape, using lattice hexagon approach, for the first time, in order to achieve homogeneous units in degradation model. To this aim, with respect to the extent of the studied area, a lattice hexagon composed of 36 units (cells) was created and each grid cell was considered as a sub landscape. Next, ecological vulnerability, degradation agents and their severity was calculated for each cell, using landscape metrics and then classified and standardized based on fuzzy logic. Eventually, according to the obtained degradation coefficients, landscape zoning and analysis was done. Overall, 73 percent of the Shemiranat County was identified as with low degradation area which is developable with paying attention to ecological restrictions and buffers (distance of river valleys, main faults and protected areas). Also, 23 percent and 4 percent of the studied area was determined as need rehabilitation and needs protection, respectively. Using the lattice hexagon as the basis of landscape degradation assessment, in addition to more accurate calculation of metrics and estimation of the degradation coefficient, separately for each homogeneous cells, landscape degradation status and future development potential will be determined.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Utility operating radius and service on city parks in Ardabil neighborhood, local, regional and urban level, to investigate the relationship between the distribution of these parks with water levels in the city of Ardabil, including Shorabil lake and Balyqlv river and reviews for distribution park. The data and information used by documentary. To analyze the data, the Thyssen polygons to measure the radius of the functional utility, network analysis to assess radius of the service or coverage of parks, and standard deviation ellipses analysis was used to examine the distribution of parks. The results indicate that the function of the radius of the park in the center of the city were favorable and neighboring areas with high water levels in the periphery of the city were unfavorable. In addition, the test also showed that the standard deviation ellipse for distribution parks in the city of Ardabil in the Northeast, Southwest and more in the direction of the river Balyqlv located. Also, investigating the per capita levels of parks in urban areas determined that, the area 2 municipality per capita is highest among municipality areas and the area 4 municipality has lowest per capita among municipalities.   Keywords

This article, with a focus on the change and transformation process of the approaches and trends affecting the new towns policy, scrutinizes the first and second generations of the new towns in reference to the South Korea as a case study. The first generation of new towns development in South Korea is associated with the rapid growth of urbanization, industrialization and subsequently economic increase of this country. Lack of housing and inadequate housing supply, formation and growth of the informal settlements especially in connection with Seoul, and the subsequent centralization in the Seoul metropolitan area are the main and significant urban challenges of South Korea in this period. The second generation of new towns has been planned first with the aim of housing supply as their main function in the capital region. These cities are the result of approach that follow the qualitative, gradual and planned development in the form of small scale but multiple projects compared to the past. Decentralization of Seoul and Seoul metropolitan area, integrated regional development, and ultimately the balance of South Korea’s national territory are the key purposes of this process, in terms of spatial planning.