The occurrence of natural and human disasters can create heavy casualties in cities and urban areas and such a critical issue makes it inevitable to pay a great deal of attention to the vulnerability and safety aspects of cities and the accessibility to the urban welfare standards from the perspective of passive defense. The geostrategic location of Koohdasht city in Iran and its vulnerability against medium risk earthquakes as well as the strategic defensive role of the city in western parts of the country highlights the vital importance of vulnerability against earthquakes in Koohdasht city. This is a descriptive analytical research with a theoretical- applied essence. In order to achieve to the objectives of the survey, the critical and sensitive uses were identified based on the existing references and the spatial data bank was extracted using Delphi method and based on a survey consisted of 20 pundits. On the other hand, the principle of adjacency was taken into account. Based on the effectiveness of various indicators the combined model of FAHP-GIS was utilized to design the location model and the final raster of the vulnerability of urban infrastructures was provided using Arc GIS software and Spatial Analysis tools through the application of fuzzy overlay functions. The results of the study indicated that about 68 percent of the city infrastructures by meeting the conditions of adjacency between 0.29-0.55 and the vulnerability in the range of 0.45-0.71 fell in the high vulnerability zone.

Creating and preserving large patches in land use configuration and satisfying compactness and contiguity in land use configuration are nature-prescribed and nature-inspired criteria that can be used in land use planning better that before. Accompanying compactness and contiguity as the important landscape metrics in land use planning and land use configuration is close to applying proactive approaches rather than assessing the intense of Human activities' impacts on environment after its altering. To explain how to introduce compactness and contiguity to a land use configuration study, we assume the study area as a matrix that every cell or pixel of the matrix has the color or value that shows the type of land use. In this situation, the compact configuration will be made if the same color or value pixels are located adjacent to each other. With respect to this premise we defined some equations to achieve compactness and contiguity in land use configuration. Finally, we tested the equations in applied case of land use planning in a part of Gorgan Township. We applied hybrid of linear programming and ant colony algorithms for testing suggested method. The results show that the method can be succeeded in achieving these criteria.

The present study aims to provide a solution to optimize land use through multi-objective linear programming, and to solve the conflicts generated in the process using game theory, in two cities of Gorgan and Kurdkoy, Iran. The primary land use planning was completed for seven land use through multi-criteria evaluation and then a first allocation was implanted using MOLA. In the secondary land use planning phase, land use optimization, with multi-objective linear programming was conducted considering economic-social and environmental needs. Environmental requirments such as reducing runoff, non-point nitrogen pollution and soil erosion, were modeled using L-THIA and RUSLE models. For socio-economic parameters job, profit and initial costs were considered. To finalize, a multi-objective linear programming model, was designed. The environmental and socio-economic stakeholders have different needs. That creates conflict in the land use planning process. In the final third phase of the land use planning, game theory was used to resolve conflicts. Environmental and socio-economic players were allowed to play scenarios in triplicate. The results showed the winning changes in land use to the extent that an equilibrium between interest groups was reached.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Utility operating radius and service on city parks in Ardabil neighborhood, local, regional and urban level, to investigate the relationship between the distribution of these parks with water levels in the city of Ardabil, including Shorabil lake and Balyqlv river and reviews for distribution park. The data and information used by documentary. To analyze the data, the Thyssen polygons to measure the radius of the functional utility, network analysis to assess radius of the service or coverage of parks, and standard deviation ellipses analysis was used to examine the distribution of parks. The results indicate that the function of the radius of the park in the center of the city were favorable and neighboring areas with high water levels in the periphery of the city were unfavorable. In addition, the test also showed that the standard deviation ellipse for distribution parks in the city of Ardabil in the Northeast, Southwest and more in the direction of the river Balyqlv located. Also, investigating the per capita levels of parks in urban areas determined that, the area 2 municipality per capita is highest among municipality areas and the area 4 municipality has lowest per capita among municipalities.   Keywords