Bu çalışmada; Trakya Bölgesi iç sularından (Bahçedere Çayı, Tekirdağ, Türkiye) izole edilen, moleküler taksonomi yöntemleri ile tanımlaması yapılan KF470792 Kabul No’lu Desmodesmus communis (E. Hegewald) E. Hegewald (Sphaeropleales) mikroalg türü için kültür ortamı ve büyüme şartları belirlenmiştir. Bu mikroalg türü, belirlenen şartlar altında (besin, pH, sıcaklık, ışık yoğunluğu ve havalandırma) kültüre edilmiş ve durgunluk fazına ulaşan kültürden besinsel ve biyokimyasal analizler için yeterli miktardaki biyokütle hasat edilerek; toplam protein, toplam yağ miktarları ile yağ asitleri ve aminoasitleri, E vitaminleri çeşit ve miktarları belirlenmiştir. Türün BG11 besin ortamında (7,5 pH, 24±2ºC, 500 ml/dak. havalandırma) 9,76x105 koloni/ml hücre yoğunluğuna, 0,762 g/l kuru biyokütle ağırlığına, 13,3 mg/l toplam klorofil a miktarına ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. Biyokütle üzerine yapılan biyokimyasal analizler sonucunda; ağırlıkça %42,59 toplam protein, %5,23 toplam yağ ve 3694,24 µg/gyağ vitamin E miktarına sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Yağ asitleri içinde en yüksek oranın %35,18 ile linolenik asit olduğu saptanmıştır. Aminoasitler içinde en yüksek miktarda bulunan glutamik asit, 46,9 mg/g olarak belirlenmiştir.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the amount of cow milk production and its price in Turkey in the period between 1985-2015.The Koyck model that is one of the distributed lag models was used to analyse of these data. The production of cow milk was considered as dependent variable and the price series consisting of cow milk prices and lagged price series are considered as explanatory variable in the model. According to the results of Koyck model, it was determined that the production of cow milk was affected by the prices of maximum one year retrospectively and the time required to dramatically affect to production of cow milk of the change taken place in prices of cow milk was 2.9 years. Furthermore, the increase of 1 TL in price of cow milk decreases the production of cow milk by 183372.4 tonnes. On the other hand, the increase of 1 TL in prices in the previous period decreases the production of cow milk by 137345.9 tonnes. Based on these data, it can be said that the price of cow milk composed in the free market conditions is rather efficient in determination to production amount. In conclusion, economic measures such as making of production planning, constituting of efficient marketing opportunities, price policies and giving a place to stable production can be taken against to fluctutations in the price increases.

In this study, molecular markers were used to determine fungal flora in black olive fruits from field surveys to the table, following the fermentation process. Field samples were collected from different locations of Canakkale province, including Gokceada (Imbros), where organic farming is employed. Some of the fruits from field samples were used for black table olive production and then fungal flora was tracked during the fermentation process. Fungal isolation was also conducted on some commercial samples. Fifty seven isolates from field samples, 56 isolates from the fermentation process and 17 isolates from commercial products were obtained. Among these isolates, 41 Alternaria, 43 Penicillium, 19 Aspergillus, 8 Monascus and 19 other genera were determined using amplified sizes of the Beta-tubulin gene region. Species level identification was carried out based on sequences of Beta-tubulin amplicons, which provided accurate identification, especially where the genera were morphologically highly similar. The occurrence and prevalence of fungal species changed in fungal collections from the field to the fermentation process. While Alternaria alternata was common in field samples, they were absent during fermentation. Many of these identified species, such as Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger and Monascus pilosus, which are known as potential toxin producers such as aflatoxin, ochratoxin A and citrinin, were found both in natural and fermented samples, even at the end of the fermentation process. These results showed that some fungal species which survive on olives from the field to the table are potential toxin producers and can be successfully characterized by amplification and sequencing of Beta-tubulin gene.

Bu çalışma ile; Konya ilinde arpa üretim, pazarlama ve işleme aşamalarında arpa pazarlamasına etki eden kriterlerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada; Konya ilinde faaliyet gösteren; karma yem (37 adet) ve malt fabrikası (1 adet), arpa alım satımı yapan tüccarlar (50 adet) ve tarımsal faaliyetleri içinde arpa üretimine yer veren tarım işletmeleri (107 adet) ile yapılan anket sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Tarım işletmeleri tarafından arpa satımında fiyata etki ettiği düşünülen kriterlerin başında hektolitre ve arpanın içine başka bitki çeşidinin karışmaması öne çıkarken, arpa çeşitlerinin satış fiyatında önemli bir kriter olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Tüccarların arpa satın alırken göz önünde bulundurduğu en önemli kriter arpanın hektolitresi olup, bu kriteri arpanın rutubeti, rengi ve içindeki yabancı madde karışıklık oranı izlemektedir. Fabrikaların arpa satın alırken göz önünde bulundurdukları en önemli kriter arpanın rutubet oranı olarak belirlenirken, daha sonra arpanın hektolitresi ve içindeki yabancı madde karışıklık oranı gelmektedir. Malt sanayisi için ise; arpanın çeşidi alım kriterlerinde çok önemli bir faktör olup, bunu arpanın rutubet oranı ve rengi takip etmektedir.

The influence of farming type (conventional or organic) and production system (low-and high-input) on various quality characteristics of milk have been in the focus of studies over the last decade. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of different dairy management and production systems on carbon stable isotopes ratio (δ13C) and milk urea content. The samples of raw milk were collected each two weeks at certified organic high-input and low-input farms, conventional high-input and low-input farms in late indoor period and outdoor period. Data analysis showed clear difference between milk from organic high- and low-input farms with non-overlapping range between -22.90 ‰ and -24.70‰ for δ13С in protein fraction (equal 1.80‰) and between -25.90‰ and -28.20‰ (equal 2.30‰) for δ13С in fat fraction independently from season factor, as for Δδ13С (protein-fat) values in milk from high-input (1.50-3.00‰) and low-input (3.20-6.30‰) organic farms. Analysis of correlation between δ13С in protein fraction and milk urea content values showed that during late indoor period the most significant difference was detected between milk from organic low-input and conventional high-input farms (5.85‰ for δ13С in protein fraction and 4.65 mg/100 g of milk urea content). During outdoor period, the non-overlapping range was established for low-input and high-input organic farms (3.40‰ for δ13С in protein fraction and 10.77 mg/100 g of milk urea content). Results of δ13С values in fat and protein milk fractions, as combination of δ13С in protein fraction and milk urea content could be a potential tool for the distinguish of milk from different farming types, based on different feed composition.

Alkali grass grows in waterlogged, saline and alaline soils. The main problem in these soils is minerals at toxic level. The toxic ions are chloride, sodium and boron. A number of techniques have been investigated for removing toxic metals from the soil. Today, the cost-effective and environmentally technique is phytoremediation, using hyperaccumulator plants. Alkali grass (Puccinellia ciliata Bor) is suggested as a hyperaccumulator plant by the combination of more favourable characteristics with salt and waterlogging tolerance, high biomass value and convincing nutritive value for adverse environmental conditions. For this reason, we collected alkali grass and soil samples from five different locations in Aydın-Muğla highway, Turanlar and Sınırteke villages in Germencik-Aydın. In the soil analysis, we observed that K accumulation varies between root, shoot and panicle at least whereas Na and B shows more variation on whole plant portions among locations. Intense aerenchyma development on the root tips of Puccinellia plant was observed and it is determined as radial lysogenic aerenchyma formation. Average plant height and dry matter values were between 47.2-74.4 cm and 15.61-80.85 g/plant according to locations. The highest plant height value was obtained from the first location whereas the highest dry matter yield was detected in the fifth location. In conclusion, plants from fifth location can be regarded as fodder plants in these areas. Our results indicated that alkali grass can be effective for phytoextraction of sodium and boron from contaminated sites.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with different ecological niches are widely seen in fermented meat, vegetables, dairy products and cereals as well as in fermented beverages. Lactic acid bacteria are the most important group of bacteria in dairy industry due to their probiotic characteristics and fermentation agents as starter culture. In the taxonomy of the lactic acid bacteria; by means of rep-PCR, which is the analysis of repetitive sequences that are based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence, it is possible to conduct structural microbial community analyses such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA fragments of different sizes cut with enzymes, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphic DNA amplified randomly at low temperatures and Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism (AFLP)-PCR of cut genomic DNA. Besides, in the recent years, non-culture-based molecular methods such as Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Thermal Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE), and Fluorescence In-situ Hybridization (FISH) have replaced classical methods once used for the identification of LAB. Identification of lactic acid bacteria culture independent regardless of the method will be one of the most important methods used in the future pyrosequencing as a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques. This paper reviews molecular-method based studies conducted on the identification of LAB species in dairy products.

This study was conducted to investigate root and shoot traits of wild, ancient and modern wheat genotypes belonging to 8 different species at long tubes under field weather conditions. It was found significant differences between genotypes with regard to root and shoot traits. The research results indicated that root biomass distribution of genotypes at GS 31 ad GS 69, respectively was found 59.2% and 56.3% in 0-30 cm, 76.7% and 71.9% in 0-60 cm. Modern wheats (Çeşit 1252, Konya 2002) and Triticum vavilovii (ancient wheat) had high root biomass distribution in top soil. In the study, species with AABBDD genomes had higher root length than those with AABB, AABBGG and AA genomes. Triticum dicoccoides, Triticum timopheevii and Triticum monococcum had lower values than other genotypes in terms of root length, crown root number, root biomass, shoot biomass and plant height at both growth stages (GS 31 and GS 69), while Triticum vavilovii and Triticum spelta (hexaploid) took part in the front. Accordingly, Triticum vavilovii and Triticum spelta may be used in breeding programs to improve new modern cultivars with high root and shoot traits.

In this study, sterol and fatty acid compositions with the other quality criteria (free fatty acids, peroxide value, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content) of olive oil samples obtained from Halhalı, Gemlik and Sarı Hasebi varieties through two phase mechanical method (crushing, kneading and centrifuge) was determined. Oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, palmitoleic, linolenic and arachidic acids were the determined as the main fatty acids in olive oil samples. It was determined that oleic acid contents of oil samples ranged between 66.25-76.14% and Sarı Hasebi had the highest oleic acid content. Sterol and fatty acid compositions of olive oil samples showed significantly statistical differences according to varieties. It was determined that the total sterol contents of oils ranged between 1025 and 1686 mg/kg and varieties with the highest and lowest total sterol content were Gemlik and Sarı Hasebi. Apparent β-sitosterol contents (β-sitosterol, Δ-5-avenasterol, Δ-5-24-stigmastadienol, klerosterol, sitostanol) were between 92.96 and 94.63%. Varieties with the highest and lowest apparent β-sitosterol contents were oils which belong to Halhalı and Sarı Hasebi varieties respectively. β -sitosterol (83.08-88.21%), Δ-5-avenasterol (4.82-6.97%) and campesterol (2.28-3.43%) were identified as the main sterol components. Erythrodiol + uvaol contents of olive oils varied between 2.28 and 3.43% and these values were within the limits established by Turkish Food Codex.

Sweeteners that sugar substitute is a food additive that provides a sweet taste like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy. Some sugar substitutes are produced by nature, and others produced synthetically. Sweeteners can be classified as sugar alcohols (polyols), artificial sweeteners and natural sweeteners. The need to avoid the adverse effects of sugar cannot stop feeling the taste on humans has resulted in intense use of sweeteners nowadays. There are positive and negative opinions about the effects of their use on human health. The general tendency of food producers is to reduce the amount of sugar in the groats due to negative effects in parallel. Food sweeteners are intended for a large group of consumers, and one of the main points of the sector operators is to provide healthier, natural, nutritional and low calorie sweeteners to these consumers. In this study, we evaluated the sweeteners which are most commonly used. Many studies have been done to demonstrate the safety of sweeteners. There are also studies showing that there may be side effects even if there are few. Some sweeteners have been associated with a number of symptoms. There is a need for comparative long-term work in this area.