Türkiye has 27% of the World’s Papaver species in its flora, and 15 of them are endemic. Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is the most cultivated and economically significant species of the Papaver genus. There is a need to study and exploit other Papaver species as well. Poppy is an important strategic plant with a history dating back to 5000 BCE and records of its being valued in the lives of different civilizations, art archives, food (seed), and medicine (opium gum). Although opium gum and seed have been produced for centuries in today’s Türkiye, its cultivation was banned between 1971-74. Years of opium gum experience were destroyed, and after 1974, alkaloid production began to be obtained by processing the dry capsule (unscratched). Today, it is counted as one of the two traditional legal poppy-producing countries in the world. It has the largest legal poppy cultivation area, capsule processing, and alkaloid production factory in the world. The seeds and alkaloids are obtained from the same plant. Türkiye has one of the largest morphine stocks in the world and is capable of meeting 25% of global morphine demand. However, it is insufficient in the production of different alkaloids (noscapine, thebaine, codeine). Seed production is, on average, 20,000 tons, and the capacity has the potential to increase to 40,000 tons with appropriate agricultural techniques.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different doses and combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Putrescine elicitor on some plant characteristics of summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted for two years between 2017-2019 in the greenhouse of Uşak University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. Bulbs with ~7 cm circumference and ~9 g weight were used as a material of this study, and was constructed with randomized blocks design with 3 replications. The bulbs were treated for 24 hours before planting with 5, 10 and 15 mg/l BAP; 5, 10 and 15 mg/l Putrescine elicitor in different combinations (16 different combinations). Thereafter, all bulbs were planted in crates. In the first year, only plant height, number of leaves per bulb were recorded and at the end of the second year, the plant height, number of leaves per bulb, number of leaves per daughter bulb, number of bulbs, leaf weight, root length and weight, bulb weight, unit bulb weight, alkaloid contents were measured after removal of bulbs from the soil. According to the results, plant height ranged 19,3-30,0 cm; the number of leaves ranged 6.5 to 12.6, and the number of bulbs ranged 0.9 to 4.6. Root weight was determined between 13.4-47.1 g/parcel, fresh leaf weight ranged 12.4-49.2 g/parcel, and one bulb weight was between 3.5-14.6 g. It was determined that the bulb plant was influenced by different treatments. The maximum growth was noted with 5 mg/l Putrescine elicitor treatment that increased plant height, number of leaves per bulb each year and number of bulbs.

Bu çalışma, acı baklanın (Lupinus albus L.) acılığı giderme sürecinde bir ön işlem yöntemi olarak ultrasonun etkinliğini araştırarak, genel kalitesini ve besin profilini iyileştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Acı bakla tohumları protein ve diğer temel besin maddeleri bakımından bol miktarda bulunur, ancak başta acı bakla ve lupinidin olmak üzere acı alkaloidler içerirler ve bu da bunların gıda ve yem olarak kullanılmasında zorluklar yaratır. Geleneksel acılık giderme yöntemleri, zaman alıcı olan ve besin kayıplarına yol açabilen suya batırmayı içerir. Ultrason, besin bütünlüğünden ödün vermeden acılık giderme sürecini hızlandırma kabiliyeti nedeniyle umut verici bir alternatif olarak ortaya çıkıyor. Bu araştırmada, acılık giderme verimliliğini optimize etmek için acı bakla tohumlarına çeşitli koşullar altında ultrason ön işlemi uygulandı. Ultrason gücü, işlem sıcaklığı ve süresi gibi parametreler, alkaloitlerin uzaklaştırılması ve besin içeriğinin korunması üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek için sistematik olarak değerlendirildi. Ön işleme tabi tutulmuş Lupin numuneleri daha sonra alkaloit konsantrasyonları, protein içeriği ve diğer besin özelliklerindeki değişiklikler açısından analiz edildi. Uygulanan ultrason destekli ekstraksiyon yöntemi yeni bir bakış açısı getirmiş ve ısıtma işlemi ultrasonla uyarlanarak acılık giderme işlemi daha kısa sürede gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ön sonuçlar, acı bakla tohumlarındaki acılık seviyelerini ve alkaloid konsantrasyonlarını azaltmada ultrason ön işleminin etkinliğini göstermektedir. Üstelik süreç, Lupin'de bulunan temel besin maddelerini korur ve böylece insan tüketimi ve hayvan yemi için değerli bir protein ve diğer besin kaynağı olma potansiyelini artırır. Bu çalışma Lupin için sürdürülebilir ve verimli ön arıtma yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunarak gıda, yem ve çeşitli endüstriyel uygulamalarda daha geniş kullanımının yollarını açıyor.

Türkiye has 27% of the World’s Papaver species in its flora, and 15 of them are endemic. Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is the most cultivated and economically significant species of the Papaver genus. There is a need to study and exploit other Papaver species as well. Poppy is an important strategic plant with a history dating back to 5000 BCE and records of its being valued in the lives of different civilizations, art archives, food (seed), and medicine (opium gum). Although opium gum and seed have been produced for centuries in today’s Türkiye, its cultivation was banned between 1971-74. Years of opium gum experience were destroyed, and after 1974, alkaloid production began to be obtained by processing the dry capsule (unscratched). Today, it is counted as one of the two traditional legal poppy-producing countries in the world. It has the largest legal poppy cultivation area, capsule processing, and alkaloid production factory in the world. The seeds and alkaloids are obtained from the same plant. Türkiye has one of the largest morphine stocks in the world and is capable of meeting 25% of global morphine demand. However, it is insufficient in the production of different alkaloids (noscapine, thebaine, codeine). Seed production is, on average, 20,000 tons, and the capacity has the potential to increase to 40,000 tons with appropriate agricultural techniques.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different doses and combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Putrescine elicitor on some plant characteristics of summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted for two years between 2017-2019 in the greenhouse of Uşak University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. Bulbs with ~7 cm circumference and ~9 g weight were used as a material of this study, and was constructed with randomized blocks design with 3 replications. The bulbs were treated for 24 hours before planting with 5, 10 and 15 mg/l BAP; 5, 10 and 15 mg/l Putrescine elicitor in different combinations (16 different combinations). Thereafter, all bulbs were planted in crates. In the first year, only plant height, number of leaves per bulb were recorded and at the end of the second year, the plant height, number of leaves per bulb, number of leaves per daughter bulb, number of bulbs, leaf weight, root length and weight, bulb weight, unit bulb weight, alkaloid contents were measured after removal of bulbs from the soil. According to the results, plant height ranged 19,3-30,0 cm; the number of leaves ranged 6.5 to 12.6, and the number of bulbs ranged 0.9 to 4.6. Root weight was determined between 13.4-47.1 g/parcel, fresh leaf weight ranged 12.4-49.2 g/parcel, and one bulb weight was between 3.5-14.6 g. It was determined that the bulb plant was influenced by different treatments. The maximum growth was noted with 5 mg/l Putrescine elicitor treatment that increased plant height, number of leaves per bulb each year and number of bulbs.