Nigeria as nation has over the years engaged in lots of developmental activities without actions which makes achievements to elude the people. Development of societies doesn’t happen in the vacuum. Thus, the adoption of Structural Adjustment Program, SAP, by Nigeria leading to the neglect of the custom periodic National Plan at a time when Nigeria had no structure for development was the beginning of journey to widened inequality and large poverty incidence, depth and severity. To close the gap between the rich and the poor, the Nigeria government had designed and implemented some programs and policies whose implementation has not solved the inherent problems. In year 2000, the world leaders subscribed to the Millennium Development Goals to ensure synergized global approach to solving the poverty menace. Programs designed in Nigeria to achieve the MDGs focused on the urban centers thereby relegating the rural areas which are responsible for the feeding of the teeming population of the urban dwellers. Farming households and the general rural communities do not have access to clean water, quality education and health facilities, good feeder roads, affordable and safe energy as well as other socioeconomic and socio-infrastructural facilities that would ensure sustainable living for the people whose contribution to the national economy cannot be overemphasized. This study therefore looks at the structural actions the Nigeria government should embarked upon to ensure that the rural dweller have access to life. As the government would be developing programs and policies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals whose priority is the end poverty in all forms and everywhere by 2030, this study reveals how to position the rural economy for developmental attention from the policy makers.

Agroforestry is a conventional method of land use that could help to address agricultural environmental issues. In order to take advantage of the ensuing ecological and economic interactions, agroforestry is the technique of consciously integrating woody vegetation (trees or shrubs) with crop and/or animal systems. According to recent studies, the global agri-food industry may reach more sustainable methods of producing food and fiber by adopting agroforestry techniques and principles more widely. This would benefit farmers economically and would benefit society as a whole in terms of the environment. Agroforestry promotes eco-intensification based on resource efficiency and offers a wide range of provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting ecosystem services, and environmental advantages. In this review, we discussed agroforestry with its advantages and developments.

The aim of this study is to histologically and histochemically determine the developmental and involutional stages of bursa of Fabricius of henna partridge (Alectoris chukar). In the study, bursa of Fabricius of 12 3-month-old (6 males, 6 females), 12 6-month-old (6 males, 6 females) henna partridges purchased from a private farm were used. It was observed that bursa of Fabricius was surrounded by a connective tissue capsule and consisted of tunica serosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica mucosa layers from the outside to the inside. It was seen that the tunica muscularis consisted of outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle fibers. It was observed that the tunica mucosa made plicae towards the lumen of the organ and consisted of 10-15 plicae. It was seen that lamina epithelialis and lymph follicles were present in each plica. It was determined that the lamina epithelialis consisted of two parts called FAE (Follicle-Associated Epithelium) and IFE (İnter Follicular Epithelium). It was noted that the lymph follicles contained cortex and medulla sections and were separated locally by capillaries together with cortical medullary boundry cells. In the Methyl Green-pyronin staining method, plasma cells were found in the bursa of Fabricius of the henna partridge, in the connective tissue surrounding the organ, around the blood vessels and inside the follicles. In AB pH=2.5 staining, AB-positive reaction was seen only in the apical part of the epithelial cells forming FAE and IFE in the pre- and post-involution period. In PAS staining, PAS-positive reaction was observed only in the apical part of the epithelial cells forming FAE and IFE in the pre- and post-involution period. In PAS/AB pH=2.5 combined staining method, AB-positive reaction was observed only in the apical part of epithelial cells in the pre- and post-involution period. As a result of this study, it was found that bursa of Fabricius of the henna partridge did not undergo any histochemical changes despite its histologically large differences after involution.

Agroforestry is a conventional method of land use that could help to address agricultural environmental issues. In order to take advantage of the ensuing ecological and economic interactions, agroforestry is the technique of consciously integrating woody vegetation (trees or shrubs) with crop and/or animal systems. According to recent studies, the global agri-food industry may reach more sustainable methods of producing food and fiber by adopting agroforestry techniques and principles more widely. This would benefit farmers economically and would benefit society as a whole in terms of the environment. Agroforestry promotes eco-intensification based on resource efficiency and offers a wide range of provisioning, regulating, cultural, supporting ecosystem services, and environmental advantages. In this review, we discussed agroforestry with its advantages and developments.