The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.

The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.

The increase in the volume of foreign trade between Türkiye and MERCOSUR countries in recent years has an important potential. The fact that these countries are economically similar further increases the mutual foreign trade potential. These trade relations are important in terms of economic cooperation and are expected to strengthen the economic interests of countries over time. Both Türkiye and MERCOSUR countries have a high potential in terms of production and foreign trade in agricultural and livestock products. Of course, the fact that countries are members of the World Trade Organization has increased free foreign trade in these sectors. Therefore, in this study, the level of foreign trade specialization in the agriculture and livestock sector after Türkiye and MERCOSUR countries became a member of the World Trade Organization was analysed. In this study covering the years 1995-2022; Net Trade, Export-Import Ratio, Lafay and Michaely indices were used. The findings show that the highest specialization is in Argentina and the lowest in Paraguay. In addition, Türkiye and Brazil have an advantage in numerically similar product groups. Türkiye needs to increase productivity in agriculture to increase the level of specialization in foreign trade.

La deficiencia de vitamina A es un problema de enormes consecuencias en la salud pública de muchos países en desarrollo. El perfeccionamiento y difusión de variedades con altos contenidos de carotenoides provitamina A es una estrategia para resolver este problema. La yuca es un cultivo relevante en muchas regiones del mundo cuyos habitantes padecen deficiencia crónica y generalizada de vitamina A. A pesar de que se ha logrado incrementar significativamente el contenido total de carotenoides (CTC) en raíces de yuca mediante el mejoramiento genético, es poco lo que se conoce sobre la herencia de CTC. En este estudio se analizaron numerosas familias de hermanos completos y S1 (resultantes de autofecundaciones). La heredabilidad, estimada por regresión padre-progenies, resultó ser alta (> 0.60) y el análisis de las segregaciones no permitió definir patrones de segregación mendeliana simple que explicaran la variación en todas las familias. Sin embargo, hay suficiente evidencia para plantear la hipótesis de que la herencia es relativamente simple y depende de dos o tres genes mayores, cuya expresión es afectada por unos pocos genes modificadores menores. Se propone que al menos uno de los genes mayores inhibiría la acumulación de carotenoides. | Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major problem with huge public health implications. One strategy to overcome this problem is the development of varieties with increased levels of pro-vitamin A carotenoids. Cassava is a relevant crop in many regions of the world where VAD is prevalent. Significant progress has already been achieved increasing the content of total carotenoids (CTC) in cassava roots. However, little is known on the inheritance of this trait in cassava. In this study the segregations for CTC in several full-sib and self-pollinated (S1) families were analyzed. Parent-offspring regression was used to estimate heritability, which was found to be high (>0.60). The analyses of segregations did not allow for the identification of simple Mendelian patterns that could explain the variation in CTC in every family analyzed. However, enough evidence has been generated for a hypothesis that few (2-3) major genes control most of the variation in CTC but their action is modified by few minor genes. Mounting evidence was also found that at least one single dominant gene may inhibit carotenoids accumulation in the roots.