In renewable system, to improve growth performance and enhance the stability of broiler meat may be alternative dietary garlic and its derivatives. The effects of dietary fresh garlic extract (FGE) or aged garlic extract (AGE) supplementation on performance, serum cholesterol and meat thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values and the organoleptic traits of cooked meats were investigated using 540 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers. Treatments: negative control (NC, basal diet), positive control (E200, basal diet + 200 mg vitamin E kg-1), FGE (FGE10, basal diet + 10 ml FGE kg-1) and graded levels of AGE (AGE5, AGE10 and AGE15, basal diet + 5, 10 and 15 ml AGE kg-1, respectively). Sensory appraisal was used to establish the consumer acceptability of boiled, grilled or roasted meats. FGE10 increased weight gain compared to NC, AGE5 and AGE10, whereas FGE10, E200 and AGE decreased serum cholesterol and meat TBA levels compared to NC. The alleviating effects of FGE10, AGE5 and AGE10 were higher than that of vitamin E. All garlic extracts did not affect the colour and nutritional quality of raw meat. Overall consumer acceptance of meat increased by FGE10, while it decreased by AGE10 and AGE15 compared to NC. Sensory scores of grilled meat were higher than for boiled and roasted meats. These results indicate that FGE proved an advantage for sustainable broiler production due to improve in the growth performance and consumer acceptance of cooked meat.

Tavukçuluk ürünlerinin tüketimi üzerine sosyo-ekonomik koşulların etkisini belirlemek üzere yapılan bu araştırma sonucunda elde edilecek veriler, üretimin şekillenmesine etki edecek, pazarlamanın yapılmasında yaşanan tıkanıklığın giderilmesine katkı sağlayacaktır. Bu araştırma; gelişmişlik düzeyi farklı bölgelerde, değişik yaş, gelir, eğitim düzeyi ve meslek gruplarındaki tüketicilerin, organik tavukçuluk ürünlerinin tüketimini etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Kayseri, Sivas ve Yozgat illerinde (TR 72 Bölgesi) bulunan üç ilde toplam 1350 (Kayseri 500, Sivas 450, Yozgat 400) örnekleme yüz yüze anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Ankete katılanların cinsiyet, yaş grubu, eğitim düzeyleri, gelir durumları gibi demografik özellikleri dikkate alınarak, organik ürün tercihini etkileyen faktörler ve görüşlerini belirlemek üzere yapılan analizin tüketimi üzerine etkisinin değişimi TR72 bölgesi bazında incelenmiştir. Meslek bazında katılımcıların organik ürün tercihini etkileyen fiyat, besin değeri, güvenli olması, sağlığa zararlı olmaması ve doğal ve ekolojik olması tüm meslek grupları tarafından oldukça önemli bulunmuştur. Tüm faktörler bazında meslek gruplarının değerlendirmesi arasında fark önemli (P

This trial was realized in the greenhouses of Uludağ University Yenişehir Vocational School between 2009 and 2010 to investigate effects of water deficit on yield and quality parameters of onion during four crop growth stages. In this trial, fourteen irrigation treatments in four growth periods (establishment, vegetative, yield formation and ripening) of onion (Allium cepa L E.T Grano.502) were constituted and the yield and quality parameters found from these treatments were evaluated. The layout of the experiment was a completely randomized block design with three replications for each of the fourteen irrigation treatments tested. According to the content of the treatments, the irrigation amount water applied to the plants varied between 0 and 436 mm in the first year, and between 0 and 448 mm in the second year. Water consumption of onion in the first year ranged between 205 and 496 mm and in the second year ranged between 210 and 502 mm. Yield, bulb weight, diameter, height and dry matter ratio were determined statistically significant. In 2009 and 2010 years, the maximum yield were found as 52.2 t ha-1 and 52.4 t ha-1 in E100V100Y100R100 treatments, while the minimum yield were found as 0.8 t ha-1 and 0.5 t ha-1 in the E0V0Y0R0 treatments, respectively. Water- yield relationship factors (ky) in 2009 and 2010 years were found as 1.03 and 1.04, respectively. The maximum WUE and IWUE values were obtained from establishment and ripening periods. Establishment and ripening periods may be suggested as the maximum efficient irrigation periods for the onion applied with drip irrigation under unheated greenhouse conditions.

Çocukların gelişiminde önemli bir yeri olan oyun, ev de ailesiyle başlar ve dışarıda arkadaşlarıyla devam eder. Dış mekânda oyun oynamaya ihtiyaç duyan çocuklar için çocuk oyun alanları oluşturulmuştur. Bu alanda, ailesiyle, arkadaşlarıyla zaman geçirebilmekte ve fiziksel, zihinsel, sosyal gelişimini sağlayabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, çocukların vazgeçilmezi olan oyunun ve oyun haklarının hangi yasalarla korunduğu, ilçedeki çocuk oyun alanlarının ne zaman hizmete açıldıkları ve bu alanlar oluşturulurken dikkat edilmesi gereken tasarım kriterlerinin neler olduğu hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Hedeflenen bu amaç doğrultusunda, Kulu ilçesindeki çocuk oyun alanları incelenmiş, oyun alanlarının tasarımındaki hatalar ve eksiklikler tespit edilmiştir. Parkların; konum, yaş grupları, engelli erişimi, güvenliği, zemin döşeme malzemesi, donatı elemanları, bitkisel düzenleme çalışmalarına bakılmıştır. Parkların genel itibariyle uygun şekilde tasarlanmadığı, düzenli bakım - onarım çalışmalarının yapılmadığı, farklı yaştaki bireylerin kullanımını sağlamadığı görülmüştür. Bu hatalara ve eksikliklerin giderilebilmesi için araştırmamızın sonuç bölümünde birtakım öneriler getirilmiştir. Çocuk oyun alanlarının korunmasındaki en büyük görev yerel yönetimlere düşse de eğitimciler, aileler, doğayla ilgilenen meslek grupları ve çocuklarda bu alanların korunmasına destek olmalıdır.

In this research, biogenic amine types and quantity of Tulum and Kashar cheeses were determined. In addition, the relationship between biogenic amines and some microbiological-chemical properties of cheese samples were investigated. The contents of tryptamine, phenylethylamine, putrecine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine of totally 40 samples (20 of each cheese) were examined. While only one sample of Tulum cheeses had no biogenic amines, different levels of biogenic amines were determined in other samples. No significant relation was confirmed between the biogenic amine quantity and total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, enterococci bacteria count, but there was a correlation between some biogenic amine contents and chemical properties which are tyrosine, lactic acid, pH, protein and ripening coefficient. Biogenic amine levels determined in the cheeses found below hazard limit values according to what legal limit.

In recent years, environmental pollution, climate change and excessive use of natural resources have caused problems in the ecosystem. Honey bees are among the most affected by this environmental pollution. Climate change and environmental pollutants cause irregularities in colony development, the formation of weak colonies, the spread of diseases, the inability to return to the hive of field bees, and their mortality and low productivity. Turkey ranks second after China in the production of honey in the world. Honey is a strategic product for Turkey. This study investigated the effect of some environmental pollutants on honey yield in Turkey. This study used the time series analysis covers the years 1990-2017. In the research, honey yield as dependent variable, as independent variables; methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), diazot oxide (N2O) release, pesticide, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index were used. After the stationary of the series was tested with ADF Unit Root test, the relationship between the variables was examined by Johansen Co-integration analysis. The effect of environmental pollutants on honey yield was tested by the FMOLS analysis method. According to the FMOLS results, the increase of 1% pesticide use, CH4, CO2, and N2O resulted in a decrease in honey yield of 0.36%, 0.70%, 0.74%, and 0.37% respectively. On the other hand, the increase of 1% insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index caused 0.15%, 0.14%, 0.09% and 0.84% increase in honey yield, respectively.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different doses and combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Putrescine elicitor on some plant characteristics of summer snowflake (Leucojum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted for two years between 2017-2019 in the greenhouse of Uşak University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences. Bulbs with ~7 cm circumference and ~9 g weight were used as a material of this study, and was constructed with randomized blocks design with 3 replications. The bulbs were treated for 24 hours before planting with 5, 10 and 15 mg/l BAP; 5, 10 and 15 mg/l Putrescine elicitor in different combinations (16 different combinations). Thereafter, all bulbs were planted in crates. In the first year, only plant height, number of leaves per bulb were recorded and at the end of the second year, the plant height, number of leaves per bulb, number of leaves per daughter bulb, number of bulbs, leaf weight, root length and weight, bulb weight, unit bulb weight, alkaloid contents were measured after removal of bulbs from the soil. According to the results, plant height ranged 19,3-30,0 cm; the number of leaves ranged 6.5 to 12.6, and the number of bulbs ranged 0.9 to 4.6. Root weight was determined between 13.4-47.1 g/parcel, fresh leaf weight ranged 12.4-49.2 g/parcel, and one bulb weight was between 3.5-14.6 g. It was determined that the bulb plant was influenced by different treatments. The maximum growth was noted with 5 mg/l Putrescine elicitor treatment that increased plant height, number of leaves per bulb each year and number of bulbs.

In this study, the effects of carvacrol addition which is a natural preservative to apple juice samples contaminated with Z. bailii which is an osmotolerant yeast and shows resistance against high sugar concentration, low acidity, ethanol content and pasteurization process, were investigated on some physicochemical and bioactive properties and also changes in yeast numbers during storage period. For this purpose, the response surface methodology was applied and storage time (1-41 days), storage temperature (4-20°C), sodium benzoate amount (0-0.1%) and carvacrol amount (0-750 ppm) were selected as processing variables. Significant changes in physicochemical properties were observed due to yeast viability occurred during the storage of apple juice samples. The increase in the amount of carvacrol caused a decrease in the number of yeasts about 7 log level and prevented the spoilage of fruit juices. However, the brix value of the samples without carvacrol showed a decrease of 50% as a result of yeast activity and the fruit juice could not be consumed. Total phenolic content of the sample was in the range of 136.7-645.7 mg GAE/L and the lowest total phenolic content was determined for the run 11 having no carvacrol while the highest total phenolic content was for the sample added with the highest carvacrol level. As a result of the optimization process, it was observed that the deterioration activities of Z. bailii could be prevented to a great extent by the addition of maximum amount of carvacrol.

Valuation of postharvest loss and identification of its causes enables to develop proper measures required to reduce losses. The study was conducted at “Fogera” District, South Gondar, Ethiopia between 2017 and 2018 years to assess the extent of postharvest loss of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and to identify major causes with respective handling system. In this study, a total of 125 farmers and 40 traders (10 wholesalers and 30 retailers) were involved as main respondents. Data collection was done using semi structured interview schedule, key informant interview, focus group discussion and observation. Besides respondents estimation, a sample analysis was conducted to estimate the extent of postharvest loss as per the FAO minimum quality standards. Descriptive statistics such as average, percentage, frequency and standard deviation were used to analyse data and tables, graphs and charts were used to present result. Result revealed that almost half of tomato produced is damaged and puts out of normal use with highest loss at producer level due to different causes which are complex and interrelated across tomato market chain. Marketing situation, insect pest and disease, lack of awareness, low economic status of producers, late harvesting, mechanical damage during harvesting and transportation, poor quality of produce and price fall were some of the reasons identified as major cause of post-harvest loss of tomato. For solving the postharvest loss problems, actors in supply chain has to develop cooperation and effective communication among all the research, extension, and industry personnel involved.

Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata was demonstrated to have a benefit healthy due to containing active pharmaceutical ingredients. However, A. formosanus is usually processed to produce tea bags which would destroy the bioactive compounds because of the processing procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of extracted methods including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and fermentation by Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC-4356 to extract the active pharmaceutical ingredients from A. formosanus. The extracted liquid was analyzed total phenolics, total polysaccharide, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that three methods have a positive effect on the extraction of bioactive compounds of A. formosanus in which the fermentation showed the best result. The total phenolic content, total polysaccharide content and antioxidant capacity that extracted by the fermentation method were 11.762 mg GAE/g; 48.914 mg GE/g, and 1.582 mgVit C/g compare to MAE and UAE which were 7.818 mg and 8.128 GAE/g samples; 41.22 and 37.91mg GE/g samples; 1.032 and 1.163 mgVit C/g respectively. The A. formosanus fermentation method by L. acidophilus promotes bioactive compounds of high biological value. This study would suggest a novel use of lactic fermenting A. formosanus in the production of functional foods.