Citrus reticulata Blanco crude flowers extracts (CFE) at four different concentrations (1, 2, 3 and 4%, v/v) were used as natural milk coagulant instead of rennet to apply for Cheddar cheese making from buffalo milk. The physicochemical properties of Cheddar cheeses were compared with cheese made with 0.002% (v/v) rennet (control cheese). Physicochemical properties of Cheddar cheese showed that cheese made with 1% and 2% of CFE had a crumbly and slightly softer texture/appearance. While cheeses containing 3 and 4% crude flowers extracts had semi-hard texture/appearance of curd similar to rennet added cheese. Protein analysis shows that crude flowers extracts made cheese had significantly higher protein content than control. The Cheddar cheese with 3% and 4% CFE were preferred by panelists instead of 1% and 2% CFE for their taste, texture/appearance and overall acceptability. Conclusively, crude flowers extracts coagulated Cheddar cheese fulfills the compositional requirement with acceptable organoleptic characteristics and at the same time provides nutritional health benefits.

Plant clinics in Nepal has been started in 2008 and has coverage in more than 40 districts of Nepal. A study has been conducted in Chitwan district of Nepal to assess the changes on farmer’s knowledge attitude and practice due to implementation of plant clinics. Total of 175 clinic attendants and 175 non-attendants were selected by simple random sampling method and interviewed by using semi-structured questionnaire. By and large, this study found wider positive changes among clinic attendants than non-attendants especially on their knowledge and skills to identity pests and diseases with their causes and practice appropriate remedial measures against those problems. The study revealed positive impact to by increasing knowledge and skillset among attending farmers to assess the season of disease and pest occurrence, estimate economic threshold level as well as preventive and curative measures against the plant health problems. Plant clinic has made impressive positive changes on adoption of recommended dose of pesticides and organic control methods among attendants than non-attendants. The level of awareness and adoption of waiting period after pesticide use was found higher among attendants than non-attendants.

In this study, socio economic structure of beekeeping enterprises in Çanakkale province was revealed and beekeeping activities were evaluated. The data were obtained from total of 87 beekeeping enterprises. The average age, education period, experience period in beekeeping activities, family size and family labor of the producers were found as 54.71, 9.28 years, 19.37 years, 3 persons and 2.21, respectively. The number of the places which the producers visited for migratory beekeeping, average number of the frames, age of the queen, average honey amount per colony and honeycomb changing frequency were found as 2.83, 10.62, 2.23, 12.65 kg and 2.68 years, respectively. When the honey products production was examined, it was determined that 1895.14 kg honey, 64.07 kg pollen, 0.10 kg royal jelly, 2.14 kg propolis and 46.03 kg beeswax were produced according to the average of the enterprises. The first five problems which the producers encountered in beekeeping activities were determined to be respectively as marketing of the crops, struggle with the illnesses, accommodation place, shipping and organizing. According to the factor analysis results, the first factor which included the external factors such as environment pollution, technical equipment level, robbery, climate and natural conditions was named as “External Factors”, the second factor which included the variables such as getting credit, variation in honey prices and input costs was named as “Financial Factors” and the third factor which included the variables such as illness and wintering losses, struggle deficiency and nutrition deficiency was named as “Inefficient Application”. According to the cluster analysis results, it was determined that “Inefficient Application” factor was emphasized in the first cluster and “External Factors” and “Financial Factors” were emphasized in the second cluster.

The study was carried out to examine the effect of varied levels of dietary monosodium glutamate on acetylcholinesterase, specific acetylcholinesterase and total protein concentrations in the brain regions of broiler chickens. Three hundred (300) day – old unsexed Abor – acre chickens were randomly assigned to diets: A, B, C, D, E and F containing 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 g/kg MSG respectively. Each treatment was replicated 5 times with 10 birds per replicate. The birds were fed ad – libitum and provided with clean water for 8 weeks (56 days) after which 2 birds per replicates were slaughtered. The brains were removed, dissected into different regions comprising of the olfactory lobe, pineal body, optic lobe, cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. The different parts of the brain were homogenized to determine the acetylcholinesterase and total protein which were also used in the assessment of the specific acetylcholinesterase of the brain. No significant differences were observed in the acetylcholinesterase activity of the olfactory lobe, pineal body, optic lobe, cerebellum except for the medulla. Likewise, the dietary monosodium glutamate did not influence the activities of the total protein and specific acetylcholinesterase of the olfactory lobe portion of the brain. The dietary monosodium glutamate exerted significant effects on the total protein of other brain parts studied and which invariably resulted in significant changes in the specific acetylcholinesterase of the optic lobe, cerebellum and medulla except for the optic lobe. This study revealed that monosodium glutamate added to broilers diet above 0.75 g/kg significantly altered the concentration of the brain acetylcholinesterase, total protein and specific acetylcholinesterase thereby impaired brain functions.

Bilgisayarlı görüntüleme sistemi, kamera, görüntü yakalama kartı, bilgisayar donanımı ve görüntü işleme teknolojilerinin bir birleşimidir. Günümüzde güvenlik garantisi sağlayan gıdalar tüketiciler tarafından daha fazla tercih edilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda gıda endüstrisinde nitel bilgi sağlama ve belirli işlemleri hızlandırma olanakları sağlaması açısından bilgisayarlı görüntüleme sistemi sektöre çeşitli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Bilgisayarlı görüntüleme sistemi, uygun görüntü işleme ve analizleme algoritmaları ile geleneksel yöntemlerden daha hızlı olması, doğru ve güvenilir sonuçlar sağlaması açısından günümüzde tahıllar, meyve sebze, et ve deniz ürünleri ve diğer bazı işlenmiş gıdaların kontrolünde geniş çapta uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Sistemin objektifliği, hızlılığı, ekonomikliği ve etkinliği bilgisayarlı görüntüleme sisteminin önemli avantajları olarak değerlendirilmekte ve sektörde alternatif bir yöntem olarak gelişim göstermektedir.

In this study, the effect of supplementing amino acid-precursor of nitric oxide (NO) L-arginine were examined on sperm motility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Different concentrations [0 mM (Control), 1 mM, 2 mM, 4 mM and 8 mM] of L-arginine were used in the study. To assess the effects on percentage of motile sperm and longevity, L-arginine was added to activation medium containing NaCl (52 mM). The higher L-arginine concentration (4mM) has promoting-effect on sperm motility. The treatments containing L-arginine caused significant effect on percentage of motile sperm and longevity. Overall, the findings of the present study indicated that supplementation of L-arginine may have improving effects on sperm motility of rainbow trout.

This study was undertaken to assess the combining ability of 6 rice varieties, for viscosity parameters and determining gene action controlling Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) characters. F2 progenies derived from a 6×6 half diallel mating design with their parents were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII) in 2015. The diallel analysis by Griffing`s method indicated the involvement of additive and non-additive gene actions controlling RVA traits. For traits PV and FV RI18447-2 and IR50 were the best combiners for increasing and decreasing, respectively. Deylamani and IR50 were the best combiners for increasing and decreasing BV, respectively. Beside, due to more portion of non-additive gene action in controlling trait SV, The Gilaneh × RI18430-46, and Deylamani × RI18430-46 crosses were the best for increasing and decreasing SV, respectively. The high estimates of broad sense heritability and narrow sense heritability for BV and FV, indicated the importance of additive effects in expression of these traits. Therefore, selection base breeding methods will be useful to improve these traits and selection in the early generations could be done to fix the favourable genes. Low estimate of narrow sense heritability for SV revealed that non-additive gene effects play important role in controlling setback viscosity. So, hybrid base breeding methods will be useful to improve this trait.

Azot ve kükürt uygulaması, ekmek yapım sürecini etkileyen buğdayın depo proteinlerinin kalitesi ve niceliği üzerinde önemli etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada tarla koşullarında, vejetatif ve generatif dönemlerde, yapraktan üre, potasyum sülfat (K2SO4) ve çinko sülfat heptahidrat (ZnSO4.7H2O) uygulamalarının ekmeklik buğdayın protein kalitesi (SDS Sedimantasyon ve STK-Laktik Asit değerleri), GlutoPik parametreleri [PMT (s), BM (BE), BEM (BE) ve PM (BE)] ve hamur reolojik özellikleri [stabilite (dak), yumuşama derecesi (BU)] üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Denemeler iki grup halinde yürütülmüştür. İlk denemede, yapraktan yapılan uygulamalar %0 (Kontrol); %0,5 Üre; %1 Üre; %0,5 ZnSO4.7H2O; %0,5 Üre+0,5% ZnSO4.7H2O; %1 Üre+%0,5 ZnSO4.7H2O; %0,5 K2SO4 ve %1 K2SO4 şeklinde; ikinci denemede, %0; %0,5 Üre+%0,5 K2SO4; %0,5 Üre+%1 K2SO4; %1 Üre +%0,5 K2SO4; %1 Üre+%1 K2SO4 şeklinde olmuştur.Uygulamalar arasında birinci denemede; %0,5 Üre, %1 Üre+%0,5 ZnSO4 ve %0,5 K2SO4, ikinci denemede ise %1 Üre+%0,5 K2SO4 konuları tüm özellikler bir arada değerlendirildiğinde öne çıkan uygulamalar olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; üre, potasyum sülfat ve çinko sülfat uygulamalarının protein kalitesi, gluten reolojisi ve hamur reolojisi üzerini etkisinin oldukça önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Huge amount of organic wastes including agricultural field wastes, food wastes, municipal solid waste and manures can be converted into a safe and usable product that can be used as a possible substitute for chemical fertilizers. In this regard, the proposed study was designed with the aim to prepare macro and micronutrients rich vermicompost from different bio-wastes that can be used as a possible substitute to chemical fertilizers for improving plant growth. A 90 days vermicomposting experiment was conducted in wooden boxes (1×1 m) containing animal manure and waste material (grasses, brewed black tea leaf and dry leaf) mixed in 3:1 ratio with a 2.5 cm thin layer of soil. The material was at the bottom of the bed and around 10.000 earthworms of Eisenia fetida were settled in the box. The boxes were irrigated by sprinkled water daily and tilled from the top once every week for maintaining aeration and proper decomposition. The vermicompost production was continued for about 90 days in each box under 21-23°C room temperature. The results showed that by using animal manure and waste materials, the physical parameters like moisture content was increased upto50 % on day 90. Likewise, the percent increase recorded for total N, organic N, total P and soluble K content on day 90 was maximum in the vermicompost prepared from animal manure and waste material. It can be concluded from this experiment that with the help of earthworm’s, different field and garden residues, wastes and manures can be converted into a nutrient rich and environment friendly vermicompost that can be used as a possible substitute to chemical fertilizers for improving plant growth.

A total of 48 randomly selected fish farms from the coasts of Izmir and Muğla, Aegean Sea were visited face-to-face interviewing with fish farmers and a total of 329 coastal fishermen, catches around the sea-cage fish farms between July 2015 and July 2017. We asked them the reasons for fish escapes from sea-cage fish farms. Answers were concerning with the predator attacks, storms, biting of cage-nets by reared fish and seabirds, slits of the nets, drop during transfer, etc.