Dielectric properties of materials are used for evaluating their interactions with electromagnetic energy. Dielectric properties of food materials are required for various applications in food industry such as microwave (at 915 or 2450 MHz), radio wave (at 13.56, 27.12 or 40.68 MHz) and magnetic field processing. In order to understand the response of food materials to electromagnetic energy, dielectric parameters must be determined as a function of frequency, temperature, composition and moisture content. In this review, the dielectric properties of different food groups were listed depending on temperature and frequency ranges. In addition to the literature data of dielectric properties, the penetration depths of microwave or radio wave through food groups were calculated. The effects of temperature and composition (mostly moisture content) on dielectric properties depend on the type of the food and sometimes on frequency. However, the effect of frequency is constant; increased frequency decreased dielectric constant, loss factor and penetration depth. The lowest calculated penetration depth belonged to the fish surimi gel as 3.39 mm at microwave frequency whereas they were high generally for fats, oily seeds and flours (max was 372602 mm for corn flour). It appears that dielectric properties of foods should be investigated further depending on the interactions between frequency, temperature and composition. And then, dielectric heating based on the aim of the process can be applied accordingly. Besides, it appears that the moisture content and especially the dipole rotation and the conductivity movements of the molecules in free water content of the food are some of the most critical factors influencing the dielectric properties of food materials.

Probiyotik gıdalar, sindirim sisteminin çalışmasına yardımcı olan canlı mikroorganizmaları içeren gıdalardır. Bu gıdaların tüketimi sağlığın korunmasına ve bağışıklık sisteminin güçlenmesine olumlu katkı sağlamaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışma, probiyotik ürünlerin tüketim durumu ile tüketicilerin probiyotik ürünler hakkındaki bilgi düzeyini saptamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda ankete katılan bireylerin %51,7’si bayanlardan, %48,3’ü erkeklerden oluşurken yaşları 18 ile 65 arasında tespit edilmiştir. Probiyotik ürünler hakkında bilgiye erkekler %31,4 oranında sahip iken bayanlar %61,1 oranında sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca öğrenim seviyelerinin ve ekonomik durumların artışına bağlı olarak probiyotik ürünler hakkında bilgi seviyesinin anlamlı derecede arttığı görülmüştür. Probiyotik ürünleri tüketenlerin oranı %26,0 iken tüketenlerden fayda gördüğünü düşünen bireyler %79,1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak probiyotik ürünleri tüketenlerin %77,3’ü bu ürünlerin doğal olduğunu düşünmektedir. Sonuç olarak probiyotik ürünlerin sağlığımıza olumlu katkısı olmasına rağmen tüketimi ve hakkındaki bilgi yeterli seviyede değildir. Kişilerin öğrenim seviyesi ve ekonomik refahı yükseldikçe probiyotik ürün tüketimi ve bilgi düzeyi artmaktadır. Bu nedenle buna benzer toplumun bilgisini ölçmeye dönük çalışmaların periyodik olarak yapılması önerilmektedir.

The level of pollution has reached the dimensions that threaten human health, with the rapid urbanization and the increase of energy consumption especially in developing countries. Every year in the world, millions of people lose their lives because of air pollution. Heavy metals have a separate precaution in pollutants, especially in terms of human health, because they can remain intact in nature for long periods of time, they tend to bioaccumulate and some are toxic or carcinogenic even at low concentrations. Therefore, monitoring of heavy metal pollution and determination of risky areas is very important. Biomonitors are the most commonly used methods for monitoring heavy metal pollution. However, determining which organelles are more suitable for monitoring the metal is essential in order to ensure that the monitoring is reliable. In this study, it was aimed to determine the variations of the concentration of Ba, Na, Al, B, Ca, Fe, K, Mg and Mn elements depending on the traffic density in leaves, seeds and branches of Tilia tomentosa which are grown in areas with heavy, low dense and non traffic areas. As a result of the study, it was determined that the heavy metal concentrations in leaves and seeds except Fe were increased due to traffic density. This situation can cause serious problems for human health, especially since the leaves and seeds of linden individuals grown in traffic-intensive areas are consumed as tea.

Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is used to determine dry and humid periods according to the cumulative probability method at different time scales. . In this study, the rainfall data between the years of 1980-2018 belonging to of Kayseri Meteorology Station was simulated by CLIGEN stochastic climatic data generator. SPI indices calculated by using observed and simulated precipitation were evaluated with the statistical methods at the time scales of 3-, 6-, 9- and 12- months. The SPI values of 3-, 6-, 9- and 12- month which are observed and simulated with CLIGEN are close to each other and the performance of the model is very high in calculating the SPI values of these time series. However, as the time period increased, the model's representative ability decreased.

Fusarium graminearum species complex is the major Fusarium head blight disease pathogen in worldwide. Fusarium head blight disease lead to damages on small grain cereals. The identification of the F. graminearum species complex is important for improving disease control and management. Traditional identification methods such as macroscopy and microscopy analysis need to be supported by biochemical and genetics assays. Thus, DNA sequencing-based methods is one of the most preferred, reliable, low priced in the identification methods. In the study, 54 F. graminearum isolates obtained from diseased wheat, barley and corn fields in Turkey and Iran were identified by morphological characteristics and then characterized by species-specific SCAR marker. β-tubulin, Tef1-α, 28s rDNA and Histone H3 genes amplified, purified and then sequenced. The merged multiloci length was obtained as last of all 2215 bp. These sequencing results was used to multiloci genotyping assays. Last of all, 20 isolates were determined as F. graminearum sensu stricto by multiloci genotyping analysis. Remaining isolates were identified as F. asiaticum or Fusarium sp. . The findings are important in terms of revealing the first-time identification in Turkish and Iranian isolates as F. graminearum species complex members by amplification four (β-tubulin, Tef1-α, 28s rDNA and Histone H3) highly conserved DNA regions.

Bu araştırma, bazı yonca çeşitlerinin çimlenme döneminde farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarına gösterdiği tepkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2019 yılı Mart ayında Sakarya Üniversitesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü laboratuvarında yürütülmüştür. Bitki materyali olarak; Azurre, Delta, Emiliano, Emiliano (kaplamalı), La Bella Campagnola ve Neptune çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada altı farklı tuz konsantrasyonu seviyesi (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mmol) uygulanmıştır. Deneme, tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde 2 faktör ve 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada; çimlenme yüzdesi, sapçık uzunluğu, kökçük uzunluğu, tuza tolerans indeksi, yaş sapçık ağırlığı, yaş kökçük ağırlığı, kuru sapçık ağırlığı, kuru kökçük ağırlığı incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, tuz konsantrasyonlarının incelenen tüm özellikler üzerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli derecede etki ettiğini göstermiştir. Tuz konsantrasyonu arttıkça tüm özelliklerde elde edilen değerlerin azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Çeşitler arasında incelenen özellikler açısından, Emiliano kaplamalı çeşidinin diğer çeşitlere göre daha toleranslı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tuz konsantrasyonunun 50 mmol’dan daha fazlasının, incelenen özellikleri önemli ölçüde olumsuz etkilediği ve en düşük değerlerin 200 mmol dozunda ortaya çıktığı belirlenmiştir. Çeşit ×Tuz konsantrasyonu etkileşimleri incelendiğinde; tuz tolerans indeksi en yüksek değerler Emiliano kaplamalı × 50 mmol etkileşiminde tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile tuzluluk problemi ile karşı karşıya kalınan topraklarda Yonca tarımında Emiliano çeşidinin diğer çeşitlere göre daha toleranslı olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

In this study, the effect of different concentrations of smoke solution derived from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) on root and shoot growth of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) was investigated in pots, in petri dishes (in vivo) and in vitro conditions. Smoke solution was obtained from hookah method and different concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were prepared by diluting the stock solution with distilled water and, distilled water was used as control. Solutions were used starting water of petri and perlite media and to prepare MS0 for in vitro condition. Nodal segments of grass pea seedlings as explants were cultured on MS0 medium in vitro. Plant nutrients, antioxidants, organic or inorganic chemicals, and plant growth regulators are commonly used for plant development both in vivo and in vitro. However, their use has risks in terms of economic costs as well as nature, environment and human health. Therefore, use of naturally derived chemicals in these applications has great advantages. Observations for in vivo conditions were determinate after 7 days from sowing and 15 days after in vitro culture. The longest root length (6.089 cm) was determined in 75% smoke solution of sage and, while the longest shoot length (3.026 cm) was obtained from 100% smoke solution of sage on petri media. In perlite media, the highest root and shoot length were observed in pure water (control). İn vitro conditions, although shoot formation was above 85% in all applications, root formation was under 33%. The shortest shoot length was obtained from smoke solutions of 100% (5.02 cm), the longest shoot length was obtained from 25% and 75% concentrations of smoke solution, respectively 8.35 and 8.94 cm.

It is well known that alternative food additives are being researched following the prohibition of the addition of antibiotics to poultry feed as growth factors. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as alternatives to antibiotics. AMPs, produced by bacteria, insects, amphibians and mammals, as well as by chemical synthesis. In particular, their natural antimicrobial properties and their low tendency to create resistance in micro-organisms suggest that they might be a good alternative to antibiotics. They are not only effective against bacteria, but are also known to be effective against fungi and viruses. In studies on pigs and broiler chickens, they have been shown to be beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, the immune system, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota. Antimicrobial peptides are small biological molecules formed from 12-60 amino acids. AMPs have been reported to kill bacteria, in particular those showing resistance to multiple antibiotics. AMPs block the development of harmful bacteria while encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria. For instance, it has been reported that sublancin reduces the Clostridium perfringens count while increasing the numbers of Lactobacilli. Furthermore, they have been proved to have a strong effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some of the AMPs used in broiler chicken feeding are sublancin, secropin, magainin, nisin and defensin. These peptides can be used by adding them to feed or to drinking water. This review has attempted to find an answer to the question of whether AMPs added to the feed of broiler chickens can be an alternative to antibiotics by examining previous studies.

Bu çalışma İkizcetepeler Barajı tabanından alınan yüzey çökeli ve karot örneklerinde organik karbon konsantrasyonlarının zamansal ve mekansal değişimlerini saptamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Organik karbon sulak alanlarda belirli bir miktarın üzerinde bulunduğunda kirliliğe yol açmakta ve ortamdaki çözünmüş oksijeni azaltarak diğer canlıların yaşamını risk altına sokmaktadır. Bu nedenle sulak alanlardaki organik karbon miktarının zamansal ve mekansal dağılışının tespit edilmesi son derece önemlidir. Çalışma kapsamında toplanan yüzey ve karot örneklerinde titrasyon yöntemiyle elde edilen veriler Arc – Map 10.5 yazılımı kullanılarak mekansal dağılış haritası ve zamansal dağılış grafiklerine dönüştürülmüştür. Elde edilen tüm bulgular değerlendirildiğinde organik karbon miktarının Kille Çayı, Koca Çay ve Çınarlı Dere ağzı ile eski yerleşim yerlerinin bulunduğu örneklem noktalarında en yüksek değerlere ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Zamansal dağılışa göre en yüksek değerler 5 – 10 cm dilimleri arasında tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum organik karbonun Bağırsak Dere dışındaki akarsular tarafından havza içerisinden taşınarak baraja deşarj edildiğini ve deşarjın son yıllarda maksimum düzeye çıkarak günümüzde azalma eğilimine geçtiğini göstermektedir. İkizcetepeler Baraj Gölü çevresinde gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmaları, mevcut literatür verileri ve analitik prosedürlerden elde edilen verilere göre barajda organik karbon kökenli kirliliğe rastlanmamıştır.

Ethanol, chloroform and hexane extracts from plants namely Urtica dioica L., Mentha piperita, Thyme serpyllum and Chenopodium album L. were evaluated for their total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, antioxidant and antibacterial efficiencies. The antioxidant activities were screened utilizing DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS scavenging activity, CUPRAC activity and total antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial activity of the tested extracts was determined by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. U. dioica and C. album extracts showed varying activities against the test bacteria. The hexane extracts of T. serpyllum and C. album showed the weakest copper reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) activity. 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity of the solvents are increased in the following order: Ethanol>Chloroform>Hexane. Our results revealed that all of the tested plants might be an alternative to synthetic antioxidant and antibacterial agents.