In the study conducted in the Altıeylül district of Balıkesir province, ten different grain hybrid corn varieties were grown with a row spacing of seventy cm and a plant spacing of fifteen cm in the 2022 corn growing season. Seven different characteristics of the varieties used in the study were examined: plant height, cob length, cob weight, cob diameter, cob grain number, cob grain weight and thousand grain weight. Path analysis and correlation analysis were used to examine the relationships between the examined traits and to determine the direct and indirect effects of these traits on grain weight in the cob. Correlation analysis showed that there were positive significant relationships between cob grain weight and cob length (0.775**), cob weight (0.941**), cob diameter (0.587**) and cob grain number (0.809**) traits. According to path analysis, cob weight, thousand grain weight and cob number had the greatest direct effect on cob grain weight trait. It was observed that cob length trait had small but positive effects on cob grain weight trait.

The growing global population and unsustainable consumption of natural resources are expected to exacerbate future food security challenges. Cultivated meat, a novel technology produced by culturing animal cells in controlled environments without the need for conventional livestock farming, offers a sustainable alternative that also supports animal welfare. This study presents a literature review focused on the environmental impacts of cultivated meat production, specifically analyzing studies utilizing the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. In addition, the review considers health and safety implications, animal welfare concerns, and the economic landscape of the cultivated meat sector. Findings suggest that cultivated meat can be a sustainable solution, particularly when renewable energy sources are employed. However, energy consumption remains the primary contributor to environmental impact, with greenhouse gas emissions largely associated with energy use and culture media. The implications of large-scale production are still uncertain. While cultivated meat may benefit animal welfare, its long-term health effects are not yet fully understood. Despite a decline in investment in 2023, new market entrants and decreasing production costs reflect ongoing industry momentum. Overall, cultivated meat demonstrates strong potential as a sustainable protein source, though further research and technological development are necessary to realize its full promise.

Understanding the spatial variability of soil properties is essential for optimizing oil palm growth and productivity, particularly in ecologically diverse regions such as Southwest Nigeria. In order to establish baseline dataset for spatial soil management in a long-established oil palm plantation, this study was conducted to determine the spatial semivariance structures and interdependence between soil properties and oil palm growth at the Oil Palm Research Station at Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the 0 - 10 cm surface layer of eighty-one (81) georeferenced from points comprising six distinct transects, with a separation distance of 10 m. The spatial semivariance characteristics and spatial dependence of the oil palm diameter at breast height and soil physical (bulk density (BD) , water content (SWC), total porosity (Pt), particle density (Pd), texture, air capacity (AC), field capacity (FC) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat)) and chemical properties (pH) and soil organic matter (SOM)) were determined using the semivariogram algorithm while the spatial interdependence was determined using the isotropic cross-semivariogram option in the geostatistical software. Except for FC/Pt (spherical), all the soil variables and oil palm diameter at breast height (DBH) were fitted to exponential model. Four variables, DBH, sand, silt and total porosity had nugget effect values far from zero. Soil bulk density and organic matter showed strong spatial dependence (< 25%) while other soil variables and oil palm diameter at breast height showed moderate spatial dependence (25-75%). The maps showed the spatial heterogeneity of the soil variables and DBH. The cross- semivariograms between DBH versus soil variables were fitted to spherical model except soil organic matter (linear) and particle size (exponential). The cross-semivariogram nugget effect was zero (0) for AC, SWC and AC/Pt while the highest (~ 12) was obtained from silt. The degree of spatial interdependence between DBH versus soil variables was strong (< 25%) for air capacity, soil water content, particle density, pH, and field capacity; weak (> 75%) for soil organic matter; and moderate (25-75%) for other variables evaluated. Employing both semivariogram and cross-semivariogram analyses enhances our understanding of spatial variability significantly and makes a crucial contribution to developing site-specific agricultural practices and promoting sustainable oil palm plantation management in tropical agroecosystems.

This article aims to analyze the effects of climate change on food security and economic growth. In this context, the BRICS-T countries Brazil, China, Russia, India, South Africa, and Turkey are examined using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimates for long-run and short-run cointegration for the period 1991–2023. Climate change is measured by CO₂ emissions and precipitation. The findings indicate that increased rainfall improves food production in India, China, and Turkey, whereas for Brazil, South Africa, and Russia, precipitation has a negative impact on food production. However, the results in the short run demonstrate that CO₂ emissions have an insignificant effect on food production in BRICS-T. The long-run coefficient estimates indicate that precipitation has a negative effect on GDP. Whereas, CO₂ emissions are found to have a positive and statistically significant impact on GDP.

Son yıllarda nükleik asit ve PCR ürünlerinin saflaştırması için alternatif yöntemler geliştirilmektedir. Genellikle saflaştırma için kullanılan düşük maliyetli alternatif bir yöntem olan alkol ile çökeltme, sürekli olarak iyi kalitede veri sağlamak için yüksek derecede teknik profesyonellik gerektirmektedir. Affinite kromatografisi yöntemlerini kullanan tescilli kitler çok iyi sonuçlar vermekte ancak oldukça maliyetlidir. Bu yöntemlere alternatif olarak ortaya çıkan manyetik boncuk teknolojisi nükleik asit saflaştırma için yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştır. Manyetik boncukların kullanımında hızlı, ucuz ve kolay uygulanabilirliğinden dolayı önemli bir artış olmuştur. Manyetik boncuk ile ayırım hızlıdır ve kullanıcı hatası için minimum potansiyele sahiptir. Bu makalede, manyetik bocuk yöntemi ile PCR ürünlerinin saflaştırması yapılıp Sanger sekans ile dizilenmiştir. Elde edilen sekans verileri BigDye Terminator enzimatik saflaştırma yönteminden elde edilen sekans verileri ile karşılaştırılmış ve manyetik boncuk kullanımının avantajları değerlendirilmiştir.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of combined dietary additives with commercial feed on broiler chicken production. The effects of individual dietary additives on broiler production have been extensively studied, but little is known about the combined effects of dietary additives with commercial feed. A total of 150 (day-old) Cobb-500 broiler chicks were reared under standard environmental conditions for a period of 42 days at the Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University poultry farm. The broiler chicks were divided into five groups like T0 (control); T1 (prebiotic and probiotic); T2 (enzymes); T3 (probiotic, prebiotic, and mineral mixture); and T4 (antibiotic). The rates of feed intake, live weight (LW), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly. The dressing percentage and weight of vital organs, such as the liver, heart, and spleen, were recorded. The data were recorded and analyzed. We found that feed intake (3890.44±9.38), live weight (LW) (3133.48±21.99), and dressing percentage (76.77±1.89) were higher in chickens in the experimental group compared with those of the control group. By contrast, FCR was relatively lower (1.21±0.01) in the chicken in the experimental group compared to the control group. We also found that combined feed additives increase the average weight of the liver, heart, and spleen, whereas there were no effects on the bursa of fabricius of the chicken. Overall, combined dietary supplements significantly improved broiler growth, feed efficiency, and carcass yield compared to individual supplements or control.

This study aims to determine the distribution and species diversity of macro-benthic invertebrates captured by bottom trawling at different depth layers in Yumurtalık Bight, a critical breeding and feeding ground for numerous species. Sampling was conducted monthly between September 2017 and August 2018 at depths of 0–10 m, 10–20 m, and 20–50 m. The lowest water temperature (15.9°C) was recorded at 0–10 m depth in January and the highest (30.13°C) at the same depth in July. Salinity ranged from 36.6 PSU in March to 39.4 PSU in October at 10–20 m depth. A total of 28 macro-benthic invertebrate taxa were identified, 20 at the species level and 8 at the phylum or class level. The majority of identified species belonged to the orders Decapoda (11 species), Stomatopoda (3 species), and Littorinimorpha (2 species). These species were classified into seven different phyla: Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Cnidaria, and Porifera. A significant proportion of the identified species were exotic, primarily of Indo-Pacific origin. The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H') varied by month and depth, peaking at 1.90 in March (20–50 m) and 1.82 in September (0–10 m). The Simpson Dominance Index (D) ranged from 0.19 to 1.0, while the Pielou Index (J') ranged between 0.5 and 0.9 from July to November, dropped sharply in December and January, and increased again from April to June. According to the Soyer Dominance Index, the most abundant species were Charybdis (Archias) longicollis (13.13%), Sepia officinalis (12.12%), Erugosquilla massavensis (11.62%), Loligo vulgaris (11.11%), and Penaeus semisulcatus (11.11%). The Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H'), Simpson Dominance Index (D), and Pielou’s Evenness Index (J') showed no statistically significant differences across depths and months, indicating a generally homogeneous ecological structure in the Yumurtalık Bight.

The study examines the microbial and physicochemical properties of Hamsiköy rice pudding, comparing non-baked and baked samples. Microbiological analyses revealed notably higher counts of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), psychrophilic bacteria, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in non-baked samples, with TAMB and LAB reaching 5.69 log cfu/g and 6.06 log cfu/g, respectively. Conversely, the baking process led to a decline in microbial load, as evidenced by the lower counts observed in the baked samples. additionally, chemical analyses revealed that the baked samples exhibited higher dry matter, fat, and protein content compared to the non-baked samples. Additionally, the cooked rice pudding samples had lower L* values, indicating a* darker colour. Despite some variations, the chemical properties observed in this study are generally consistent with those reported in previous studies. The study concludes that the baking process enhances the microbiological and physicochemical quality of Hamsiköy rice pudding, thus making it a a product with enhanced safety and quality. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), an indicator of heat treatment, was analyzed as well and was found to be higher in baked samples. Colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) revealed darker appearance in baked samples, aligning with consumer expectations for traditional Hamsiköy rice pudding.

Bu makalede, ülkenin genel sorunlarına, dönemsel olarak tarım ekonomisinin zorluklarına, yapısal sorunlara ve bunlar için genel olarak alınması gereken tedbir ve çözüm önerilerine değinilmiştir. Makalenin yöntemi, literatür taraması ile elde edilen bilgilerin değerlendirilmesi, tarihsel sürecin ortaya konulması ve geleceğin şekillendirilmesi için önerilerin sunulması şeklindedir. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun son dönemde iyice bozulan tarımına dayanan Türkiye tarımı, yapısal sorunlarını bugüne kadar taşımıştır. 2. Beş yıllık planla İttihat ve Terakki, piyasaya dönük üretim yapma teşvikiyle tarımsal ekonomik yapının şekillenmesinde belirleyici olmuştur. Atatürk ise ithal ikamesi bir tarımsal ekonomi politikasıyla tarıma dayalı sanayiyi geliştirmeye çalışmıştır. Arz fazlası ve eksikliği, talep yetersizlikleri, yüksek girdi maliyetleri ve sulama sistemi gibi zorluklar, dün olduğu gibi bugün de tarımsal üretim ve dolayısıyla ekonomiye zarar vermektedir. Bu zorluklara çözüm için, havza bazlı üretim planlaması, girdi maliyetlerini azaltıcı sübvansiyonlar ve sürdürülebilir su kullanımını sağlayacak nitelikteki modern sulama sistemlerinin kullanılması gerekmektedir. İmparatorluğun sonlarında başlayan arazi sahipliği dengesizliği bugün dahi etkisini göstermektedir. Toprak reformu niyetleri ise tarımsal alanların parçalanması riskini taşımaktadır. Ülkede bugün büyük işletmeler öne çıkmakta ise de kendine üretim yapan hane sayısı azımsanmayacak miktardadır. Girdi maliyetleri bu küçük işletmeleri zorlamakta ve tarımsal işgücünü azaltmaktadır. Bugün, özellikle üretim ve tarımsal faaliyetleri gerçekleştirdiği köyünden uzaklaşan üreticinin köye dönüşüyle ilgili teşvik politikalarına yönelinmesi, toplulaştırma faaliyetlerinin hızlandırılması, ithal ikamesi ürünler için girdi maliyetlerin düşürülerek yerli üreticiyi koruma politikalarının öne çıkarılması gerekmektedir.

Phytases are enzymes that hydrolyze the phosphate groups in phytic acid to release soluble phosphate. Among phytases, microbial phytases are preferred due to their high activity, low cost, and environmentally friendly properties. In this study, microbial phytases were obtained from Pseudomonas chlororaphis C37-A, Bacillus megaterium M-3, and Agrobacterium radiobacter A-16 isolates. The phytase enzymes were partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, and their optimum pH and temperature conditions were subsequently determined The most suitable ammonium sulfate precipitation range in the partial purification process was determined as 60-80% for isolate M-3 and 40-60% for isolates C37-A and A-16.The specific activities and purification folds of the enzymes in these precipitation ranges were measured as 34.28EU/mg and 3.94 for M-3, 27.25EU/mg and 1.91 for C37-A, and 23.24EU/mg and 2.11 for A-16, respectively. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the molecular weights of the enzymes were approximately 45 kDa. When tested for enzymatic performance, phytase obtained from P. chlororaphis C37-A showed its highest activity at 50°C and pH 8.0, while B. megaterium M-3 showed the best activity at 50°C and pH 6.0. The enzyme obtained from A. radiobacter A-16 reached the highest activity at 30°C and pH 6.0. These findings suggest that the phytase enzyme from P. chlororaphis prefers slightly alkaline conditions, whereas phytases from B. megaterium and A. radiobacter function better in mildly acidic environments. Overall, the varying environmental tolerances of these isolates support their potential use in developing microbial biofertilizers, especially for soils that are poor in phosphorus.