In this study, the chemical constituents of Origanum onites, Salvia officinalis and Lavandula officinalis plants belonging to Lamiaceae family grown by conventional and organic methods were determined by soxhlet extraction. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method was used to determine the chemical constituents of conventionally and organically grown plant samples. When the results of the analyses were examined, out of 97 chemical components of Salvia officinalis plant, 50 components were determined from plants grown with conventional farming methods and 78 components were determined from plants grown with organic farming methods. Of the 38 components detected in Origanum onites, 36 components were determined from plants grown with conventional farming methods and 38 components were determined from plants grown with organic farming methods. Out of 60 components of Lavandula officinalis, 40 components were determined from plants grown with conventional farming methods and 60 components were determined from plants grown with organic farming methods. In terms of chemical structure, the components are divided into different classes as hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes, diterpenoids, fatty acids and derivatives, and phenolic compounds.

This study aimed to show the effect of acetamiprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, on B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) gene expression, which plays an important role in apoptotic mechanisms in liver tissue. The study consisted of four groups in total, in which three doses of acetamiprid (5, 10, and 15 mg kg-1) were administered, together with the negative group, in which no substance was administered. Liver tissues resected from mice sacrificed by cervical dislocation after 14 days of acetamiprid administration by gavage were fixed in a 10% formaldehyde solution for histological and immunohistochemical analyses and blocked in paraffin after routine tissue follow-up, and sections were stained with haematoxylin-eosin and immunostaining. Histological analysis revealed normal liver tissue in the control group; whereas, sinusoidal dilatation, vasodilatation, and necrosis and steatosis in the parenchyma were found in the acetamiprid-treated group at an increasing rate depending on the dose amount. The immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 in liver tissue was observed in the sinusoidal epithelium. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was observed severely in the control and 5 mg kg-1 groups and moderately in the 10 mg kg-1 and 15 mg kg-1 acetamiprid-treated groups. Bcl-2 immunoreactivity was observed homogenously in the region from the central vein to the Kiernan’s space. It was observed that acetamiprid used in the study showed a toxic effect on liver tissue, affected bcl-2 expression, an important biomarker in apoptotic pathways, and induced a dose-dependent decrease in bcl-2 immunoreactivity.

This study was conducted as both petri dishes and pot experiments on four different salt-sensitive cotton genotypes (Laser, May 505, May 455 and Selin) in order to investigate the role of exogenous salicylic acid applications in reducing the effects of salt stress. Six saline treatments; 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 mM NaCl were used. Each group divided into three sub-groups (hydo-primed control, 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM SA) on the basis of seed priming treatments. They were applied in three replications according to the randomized block design. In all genotypes, 90 mM and 120 mM salt stress negatively affected germination and seedling development. In salt stress up to 60 mM, it was recommended to May 505 and Selin genotypes with 0.5 mM salicylic acid pre-application to the seeds.

In many parts of the world, forests have been seen only as an economic value and forestry policies have been in this direction. Later, when forests started to disappear, the protectionist period started and forest policies were shaped in this direction. In this study, the reflections of sustainable foresty policy and environmental and forest protection in the Eurpoion Union (EU), Turkey and a few other countries are examined and the protection measures and recommendations of the countries are analyzed. The aim of the study is to reveal the devolopment process of forestry policies and to reveal what has been done to ensure the protection of forests. When we look at the policies followed by the countries, it is seen that the world is now pursuing a conscious forestry policy.

Bu araştırmada tarım işletmelerinin sürdürülebilirlik algısının ve düzeyinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma alanı olarak Konya ilinin seçilmesinde Türkiye genelinde önemli tarımsal üretim merkezlerinden biri olması belirleyici olmuştur. Çalışmanın kapsamında tabakalı tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Toplamda 268 tarımsal işletme sahibiyle yüz yüze görüşülerek anket verileri derlenmiştir. Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik algı indeksinin hesaplanması için literatür verileri dikkate alınarak sürdürülebilirlik algı indeksi oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmada katılımcıların sürdürülebilirlik algıları beşli likert tipindeki ölçekle aldığı toplam puan alabileceği maksimum toplam puana oranlanarak “Sürdürülebilirlik Algı İndeksi” hesaplanmıştır. Çevresel sürdürülebilirlik düzeylerinin (uygulama/kullanma) tespit edilmesi için işletmecilerin sürdürülebilirlik düzey durumları anket verileri ile elde edilmiş olup toplam puan alabileceği maksimum puana oranlanarak “sürdürülebilirlik Düzey İndeksi” hesaplanmıştır. Birinci grupta yer alan işletmelerde sürdürülebilirlik algı indeks puanı %83,67, bu oran ikinci grupta %84,77, üçüncü grupta %89,39 ve dördüncü grupta %88,67 olarak belirlenmiştir. İşletmeler ortalaması sürdürülebilirlik indeks puanı %86,62 olarak belirlenmiştir. İşletme ölçeği büyüdükçe sürdürülebilirlik algı indeksi de artmaktadır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre sürdürülebilirlik algı ve düzey indeksleri işletmeler ortalamasında karşılaştırıldığında sürdürülebilirlik düzey indeksinin %67,59 algı indeksinin ise %86,62 olduğu görülmektedir. Tarım işletmecilerinde sürdürülebildik algı indeksinin yüksek olması sürdürülebilirlikle ilgili konularda algılarının olduğunu fakat düzey (uygulama/kullanma) yetersiz kaldıkları görülmektedir. Tarım işletmecilerinin bilinç düzeylerinin artırılması ve eyleme geçirmek adına eğitim ve yayım çalışmalarına ağırlık verilmelidir.

Bu çalışma, farklı düzeylerde defne (Laurus nobilis L.) yaprağı tozu (DYT) katkısının yonca silajlarında kimyasal kompozisyonun, in vitro gaz üretim parametrelerinin (metabolize edilebilir enerji, in vitro organik madde sindirilebilirliği ve net enerji laktasyonu) ve bazı fermentasyon özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Defne yaprağı tozu, yoncaya %0 (kontrol), %0,5 (DYT05), %1,0 (DYT10), %1,5 (DYT15), %2,0 (DYT20), %4,0 (DYT40) ve %8,0 (DYT80) düzeylerinde ilave edilerek 75 gün boyunca silolanmıştır. Araştırma sonunda, kontrol grubuna göre DYT05 grubunda yonca silajının kuru madde içeriği azalmış, DYT20, DYT40 ve DYT80 gruplarında ise kuru madde içeriği artmıştır. DYT80 grubunda ham kül içeriği düşük bulunmuştur. DYT10 ve daha yüksek düzeyler silajın pH’sını; DYT20 ve daha yüksek düzeylerse laktik asit içeriğini önemli düzeyde düşürmüştür. Defne yaprağı muamelesi, silajların NDF, ADF, ham protein, ham yağ, asetik asit, propiyonik asit, in vitro gaz üretim parametrelerini etkilememiştir. Araştırma silajlarının tamamında bütirik asit ve amonyak azot içeriği tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, DYT’nin yonca silajlarında %1 düzeyinde kullanılabileceği ve pozitif katkısının olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Bu çalışma, karma yeme demir dikeni bitkisi (Tribulus terrestris) saponin ekstraktı (DDSE) ilavesinin yumurtacı tavuklarda performans, iç-dış yumurta kalite kriterleri, yumurta kolesterol düzeyleri ve bazı kan serum parametreleri üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma grupları ticari yumurtacı karma yemine 0 (kontrol); 1 g DDSE, 2 g DDSE, 4 g DDSE ve 8 g DDSE eklenerek 5 gruptan oluşturulmuştur. Toplam 80 adet yumurtacı tavuk her bir grupta 16 hayvan olacak şekilde gruplara rastgele dağıtılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; kontrol grubu hariç diğer deneme gruplarına göre 1 g DDSE grubunda yumurta sarısı kolesterol değeri düşmüştür. Deneme ortasında 2, 4 ve 8 g DDSE grupları kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek ak uzunluğu değerleri vermişlerdir. Performans ve kan serumu parametre değerleri bakımından gruplar arasında herhangi bir farklılığa rastlanmamıştır. Sonuç olarak DDSE tavuklarda performans, yumurta kalite kriterleri ve bazı kan parametreleri üzerine etkisi olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

This study investigates the impact of varying planting densities on cotton plants’ morphological traits and yield. As planting density increases, there is a reduction in monopodial and sympodial branches, resulting in a more compact plant structure. The study highlights the highest yield achieved with specific planting densities, endorsing the viability of both holl and row planting methods. It suggests adopting narrow or ultra-narrow row systems to enhance yield and economize input costs. The study was conducted in 2017 at the experimental field of Aydın Adnan Menderes University in the Faculty of Agriculture’s Department of Field Crops. The material used in this study was the widely cultivated cotton variety “Gloria” in the Aegean region. The investigation was conducted using a randomized block design with 4 replications. In evaluating cotton yield and related parameters, it was observed that D1 and D2 (14.285 plants/da) achieved the highest yield concerning plant density, emphasizing the viability of both holl and row planting methods. The study concluded that augmenting the number of plants within a specific area of production significantly contributes to higher seed cotton yields. To enhance yield and economize cotton input costs, the adoption of a narrow or ultra-narrow row production system is suggested as an alternative strategy to conventional methods.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of submerged fermentation with Lactobacillus spp. on the nutritional composition of Agaricus bisporus cap and stem. Fresh A. bisporus was provided, and the cap and stem parts were separated and cut into small pieces. Afterward, distilled water (400 ml) and urea (8.4 g) were added to the mushroom parts (100 g) and placed in different fermentation flasks. The fermentation flasks containing mushroom caps or stems were divided into two groups, and the pH levels of the fermentation medium were adjusted to 6 and 7. Fermentation flasks were autoclaved at 121°C for 15 minutes and Lactobacillus spp. was inoculated to each flask at 1 ml (108 CFU/ml). A positive control group was formed by allocating one uninoculated flask for each replicate of each pH value. Fermentation flasks were incubated for 48 hours at 30°C. After fermentation, fermented and inoculated mushroom cap and stem were analyzed to determine the crude protein, ash content, Lactobacillus spp. count and pH value. Lactobacillus spp. count was higher (P=0.028) in the pH 6 group of mushroom cap and tended to be higher (P=0.078) in the pH 6 group of mushroom stems compared with the pH 7 group. Submerged fermentation decreased (P<0.001) the ash content of the mushroom cap and stem in both pH values except the cap with pH 7 compared with the uninoculated mushroom. Similarly, the fermented mushroom cap and stem had lower (P<0.01) final pH values in both initial pH values. Lactobacillus spp. increased (P<0.001) the crude protein content of the mushroom cap with pH 6 but did not alter the crude protein content with pH 7. Besides, submerged fermentation decreased (P<0.001) the crude protein content of mushroom stem with both pH values. The results indicate that submerged fermentation using Lactobacillus spp. can be used to improve the nutritional composition of mushroom caps with pH 6.

The aim of this study was to investigate food safety knowledge levels according to the socio-demographic profiles of young food handlers and to find out the determinants of the knowledge level. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Türkiye; it consisted of sections including hygienic design, freezing and thawing, preparation, cooking and reheating, service, storage, and foodborne diseases sections. The food safety knowledge level differed according to gender, age, income, grade level, and intership status. Participants who coded 60% of the survey statements correctly were considered to have “good” food safety knowledge. Knowledge about cooking and reheating, foodborne diseases, and service was found to be at a poor level, but food safety knowledge (overall) was good (68%). The correct score ratio was found to be the highest for hygienic design. Binary logistic regression presented that gender, income, grade level, and internship status significantly affected knowledge level. The strongest predictors were found to be income of $638-$850 (exp (β)=12.9) and more than $850 (exp (β)=4.6), respectively. This study highlights that female students under the age of 25 with an income of more than $638, who have not yet completed an internship, have the highest level of food safety knowledge. This study presented a holistic approach to the food safety knowledge of young food handlers. These insights can contribute to the development of hygiene/sanitation and food safety course content for culinary and gastronomy students.