The use of bioactive compounds has been maintaining its significance from nutritional aspects. Due to the increasing demand for them in potential markets, researchers struggle to create new sources and improve their methods. Plant materials possess plenty and a diverse range of these compounds. However, their availability strongly depends on the extraction techniques in addition to the sampling methods and the applicability of the method to the specific parts of the plant. Thus, it is crucial to develop a common, precise way which will enable to extract all the active components regardless of their origin and their location in the plant material. Besides, the new method ought to have the highest economic value in comparison to the present applications which means that the efficiency of the extraction should be acceptable on industrial scale as well. Even though numerous methods have been improved so far, it seems to be unlikely to achieve a standardized solution with high valorization for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants until now. This review aims to discuss the novel extraction methods in addition to the conventional techniques focusing on the critical parameters such as the cost, time, yield, feasibility and eco-friendliness of the process.

Turkey, which is among the major gene centers of the world and has a special place in plant genetic diversity. However, many plant genetic resources, including geophytes, are under genetic erosion because of the environmental and other problems and therefore face with the danger of extinction. Lilium ciliatum is endemic to North East Anatolia. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Natural Resources) Red List Category of this species is Endangered (EN). Lilium ciliatum naturally grown in Zigana pass, Bayburt, Trabzon, Bulancak, Giresun and Gümüşhane is endangered and major threats of L. ciliatum are road construction and human disturbance related to ecotourism and recreation. It was reported that Lilium carniolicum naturally grown in Turkey is endangered although it isn’t in the IUCN Red List. Distribution areas of L. carniolicum are Trabzon, Rize, Artvin and it is also endemic to North East Anatolia. These species have high potential for use as ornamental plants with their colorful big flowers. In addition, the bulbs of these species are also used in the cosmetic industry and medicine. These are the main properties that increase the importance of L. ciliatum and L. carniolicum species. Therefore it is very important to protect the habitats of these species, ensure the continuity of their generations. The disappearance of these endemic species from our country means to disappear from the world. This review has been given in order to give some information about the endangered Lilium species of Turkey and conservation actions on these species in Turkey flora and take attention to the issue.

Genetic diversity estimation among different species is an important tool for genetic improvement to maximize the yield, desirable quality, wider adaptation, pest and insect resistance that ultimately boosting traditional plant breeding methods. The most efficient way of diversity estimation is application of molecular markers. In this study, twenty random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were utilized to estimate the genetic diversity between ten sunflower genotypes. Overall 227 bands were amplified by 20 primers with an average of 11.35 bands per primer. RAPD data showed 86.34% polymorophic bands and 13.65% of monomorophic bands. Genetic similarity was ranged from 50.22% to 87.22%. The lowest similarity (50.22%) was observed between FH-352 and FH-359 and the maximum similarity 87.22% was observed between A-23 and G-46. Polymorphic information content (PIC) values were varying from 0.05 to 0.12 with a mean of 0.09. Cluster analysis based on RAPD results displayed two major distinct groups 1 and 2. Group-2 contains FH-352 which was the most diverse genotype, while group-1 consists of few sub groups with all other genotypes. Ample diversity was found in all the genotypes. Present study reveals novel information about sunflower genome which can be used in future studies for sunflower improvement.

The most common honey bee diseases are American foulbrood (AFB) caused by the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, Chalkbrood caused by fungus Ascosphaera apis and diseases caused by parasitic mites such as Acarapis woodi, Varroa destructor. These diseases and pests not only cause economic loss but also cause ecological problems related to the role of honey bees, as the most important pollinators on Earth. Synthetic acaricides and antibiotics are used to keep the diseases and mites in control. Use of the drugs lead to the development of drug-resistant organisms, detrimental effect on non-target organisms and the residue problem in bee products. For this reasons, the need for alternative control methods has become compulsory in recent years. It has been known that some plant oils used widely in perfumery and food industry for flavor and smell have been used as repellent to certain insects, bactericide and fungicide. Therefore, intensive studies have been carried out on plants with anti-mites, antibacterial and antifungal potentials and these studies are still going on. Recently, studies in this area have shown that essential oils of plants such as thyme, cloves, mint, lemon grass, cinnamon, grapefruit, rosemary, marigold, are lethal to some mites, bacteria and fungi. In addition, it has been reported that some components, isolated from these plants such as sanguinarine, thymoquinone, capsaicin, carvacrol, citral, eugenol, thymol, show these effects on the organisms. As a result, in countries rich in biodiversity due to endemic plant species, the essential oils used in control of these diseases should be favored instead of or in combination with conventional drugs in integrated the disease management programs because of the lack of harmful effects of essential oils on non-target organisms and environment.

Bu çalışmada, Kahramanmaraş’taki tarım arazilerinde bulunan Bacillus sp. izolatlarının antimikrobiyal aktivite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toplanan tarım arazisi toprak örneklerinden Bacillus izolasyonu yapılmıştır. Bu izolatlar morfolojik ve biyokimyasal olarak tanımlanmıştır. Farklı karbon kaynaklarındaki (glukoz, fruktoz ve sakkaroz) Bacillus izolatlarının ve referans Bacillus türlerinin bazı bakterilere ve patojenik mayaya (Candida albicans) karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri disk difüzyon yöntemine göre araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, çalışmada kullanılan Bacillus izolatlarının sekonder metabolitleri test edilen mikroorganizmaların gelişmelerini değişik oranlarda engellemiştir (1-25,2 mm inhibisyon zonu). Üç izolat (Bacillus sp. B6, B13 ve B43) yüksek antibakteriyel aktivite göstermiştir. Bacillus sp. B6, Bacillus sp. B13 ve Bacillus sp. B43’ün, kullanılan tüm karbon kaynaklarında Candida albicans’a karşı (Bacillus sp. B6-sakkaroz hariç) antifungal sekonder metabolitleri ürettiği belirlenmiştir. Daha da önemlisi karbon kaynağı olarak fruktoz kullanıldığında Bacillus sp. B13 (1-11,67 mm inhibisyon zonu) ve Bacillus sp. B43’ün (1,4-19 mm inhibisyon zonu) tüm patojen mikroorganizmalara karşı antibakteriyel ve antifungal etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Günümüzde tüketicilerin sağlıklı beslenmeye olan ilgisi ve bu konudaki farkındalığı her geçen gün artmaktadır. Hayvansal gıdaların tüketilmesinin bazı olumsuz yönleri ve bitkisel gıdaların hem kolay erişilebilir olması hem de sağlığa birçok olumlu etki göstermesi nedenleriyle, bitkisel gıdaların tüketimi artmaktadır. Probiyotiklerin laktoz sindirilebilirliğini arttırma ve bağışıklık sistemini düzenleme gibi işlevlerinin yanında, yüksek tansiyon, kanser, bağırsak ve vajinal enfeksiyonlar gibi bazı hastalıklara karşı olumlu etkileri birçok çalışmada ortaya konmuştur. Probiyotiklerin asit dirençliliği, antimikrobiyal madde üretme yeteneği ile patojenlere karşı inhibisyon etkileri de bu mikroorganizmaların gıdalarda kullanımını teşvik edici özelliklerdir. Probiyotikler yaygın olarak süt ürünlerinde kullanılmakla birlikte, bitkisel gıdaların probiyotikler için uygun bir gıda matrisi özelliği göstermesinden dolayı, bitkisel gıdalarda da probiyotiklerin kullanımı ile ilgili çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, probiyotik mikroorganizmaların meyve, sebze ve tahıl ürünlerinde kullanımı, yaygın olarak kullanılan probiyotikler ve bu mikroorganizmaların gıdalarda canlılığını etkileyen faktörler araştırılmıştır.

Son yıllarda yaşam tarzında meydana gelen değişiklikler yeme davranışını da beraberinde etkilemektedir. Değişen yaşam koşullarıyla beraber duyusal çekiciliği fazla olan hazır besinlerin tüketimi büyük oranda artış göstermektedir. Hazır besinlerdeki duyusal istek artışının temel sebeplerinden biri besinlerin içermiş olduğu yağ miktarı olarak gösterilmektedir. Yağ içeriği fazla olan besinlerin tüketiminin artmasıyla; ağızda yağ asidi eşik değerinde artışlar meydana gelmekte, yağ algısına karşı duyarsızlaşma ve sonunda da aşırı besin tüketimine bağlı olarak obeziteye sebep olmaktadır. Her ne kadar beş temel tat arasında yer almasa da yağ algısı-duyusu, yağ tadı olarak tanımlanmaya başlamış olup, iştah kontrolü ve besin seçimi mekanizmaları üzerinde etkilidir. Çağımız global sorunu olan obezitenin önlenmesi ve tedavisinde yağ algısının önemi gittikçe artmaktadır. Bu derleme yağ algısı ve obezite üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla planlanmıştır.

Bu çalışmada yeme antibiyotik (amoksisilin+klavulanik asit) ve probiyotik ilavesinin gökkuşağı alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) bazı immünolojik ve serum biyokimyasal sağlık karakteristikleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Yeme ilave edilen antibiyotik veya probiyotik katkılarının lizozim aktivitesi, myeloperoksidaz aktivitesi, serum total protein, albümin, globülin, trigliserit ve kolesterol değerleri üzerine herhangi bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Antibiyotik ile beslenen balıkların serum glikoz düzeyleri kontrole göre önemli oranda artmıştır. Bununla birlikte antibiyotik ile beslenen balıkların GOT değeri kontrole göre önemli oranda azalmıştır. Ayrıca LDH ve ALP değerleri antibiyotik ve probiyotik ilavesi ile kontrole göre azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, tek bir deneysel model olup farklı balık türlerinde ve farklı balık patojenlerinde karşı probiyotik kullanımı farklı dozlara veya zamana bağlı olarak değişebilir. Bu nedenle bu çalışma çeşitli kan parametrelerinin değerlendirilmesi açısından diğer çalışmalara ışık tutmaktadır.

The study aimed to compare the effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic and olive leaf-, grape seed- and pomegranate peel extracts as natural antimicrobial on lipid oxidation, microbiological content and quality of raw broiler meat. Chickens were fed the control diet (CONT) and diets supplemented with probiotic (P), oleuropein (olive leaf extract, OLE100 and OLE200), proanthocyanidin (grape seed extract, GSE100 and GSE200) and proanthocyanidin (pomegranate peel extract, PPE100 and PPE200) at 100 and 200 mg/kg levels to the CONT diet. All dietary treatments significantly reduced MDA value of breast meat at 9th day, total aerobe bacteria and coliform bacteria contents of breast meat at 14th day. The P, OLE200, PPE100 and PPE200 diets significantly decreased lactic acid bacteria content of breast meat at 14th day. The pH value of raw breast meat at 24 h was significantly reduced by dietary treatments compared to the CONT diet. Feeding the P, PPE100 and PPE200 diets significantly increased water holding capacity of breast meat compared to those of broilers fed the CONT, GSE100 and GSE200 diets. The P, OLE200, PPE100 and PPE200 diets significantly reduced drip loss of breast meat at 7th day compared to the CONT, OLE100, GSE100 and GSE200 diets. Cooking loss of breast meat was significantly decreased by all dietary treatments except GSE diet compared to the CONT diet. It was concluded that probiotic, olive leaf- and pomegranate peel- extracts have potential to be used as natural antimicrobial feed additives in terms of the lipid oxidation, microbial content and quality of broiler meat.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dam breed on lambs sired by Charollais rams and purebred Charollais lambs obtained via embryo transfer. Frozen Charollais semen and embryos, used to obtain crossbreed and purebred Charollais lambs, were imported from elite flock with pedigrees and progeny test in Canada.The study was conducted on the crossbred Charollais lambs born from Tushin, and Romanov F1 ewes (Romanov × Morkaraman), and Charollais lambs born from Awassi, Morkaraman and Tushin surrogate ewes. The data was collected on 61 lambs (23 Charollais: CH, 20 Tushin × Charollais: F1 CH and 18 Charollais × Romanov F1:COR) from birth to weaning. Average weights at birth for CH, F1 CH and COR lambs were 4.32 ± 0.18 kg, 4.17 ± 0.18 kg, 3.18 ± 0.19 kg and at the age of 60 days were 21.20 ± 1.07 kg, 20.94 ± 0.84 kg, 18.13 ± 0.91 kg, respectively. The genotype of dams significantly affected birth and weaning weights of crossbred lambs, but not average daily live weight gain (ADG). Litter size had constant significant effect on the traits evaluated. Survival rates of crossbred lambs from birth to weaning were affected by the dam genotype. Birth weights and survival rates of CH lambs born from embryo transfer were affected by recipient genotypes and Awassi ewes were found to be the best surrogate mothers.