Mantı, the traditional Turkish food, was subjected to modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) compositions of MAP 1 (80% CO2 + 20% N2), MAP 2 (40% CO2 + 60% N2), MAP 3 (60% CO2 + 40% N2) and control (packaged under atmospheric composition) to extend its refrigerated storage at 4°C. The physical, chemical and sensorial qualities of each package were assessed by analysing headspace gas composition, pH, water activity, 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA), dry matter, lipid content and a sensory analysis of both cooked and raw mantı samples. The compositions of MAP samples (MAP 1, MAP 2 and MAP 3) resulted in the maximum storage time of 126 days versus 20 days in normal atmospheric packaging (control). In conclusion, 60% CO2 or either 80% CO2 with N2, as a make-up gas, should be implemented in the mantı process.

In this study, in order to help the mass production of seedlings, the effect of fertilization on the morphological development of hornbeam leafy European hophornbeam (Ostry carpinifolia Scop) seedlings were investigated. For this, seedlings, which were obtained from the seeds coming from different European hophornbeam populations (Düzce-Yığılca, Antalya-Finike, Antalya-Akseki, Kastamonu-Şehdağ ve Adana-Saimbeyli) from various parts of Turkey, were used. European hophornbeam seedlings were treated with different fertilizers, including urea, ammonium sulphate, compound fertilizer 15-15-15 and 20-20-0, and 6-9 months Osmocote release fertilizer, and effects of these fertilizers on the morphological characters were investigated. Fertilization contained the same amount of nitrogen, and was made in three different ways; (1) mixing with habitat, (2) topical application and (3) liquid application. The development of germinated European hophornbeam seeds, which were spring-sowed in the same medium were monitored during the vegetation period. At the end of vegetation period, seedlings were removed from the soil and morphological characteristics of root (seedling length, root collar diameter, root length, fresh root and stem weight of the seedlings, dried root and stem weight of the seedlings and bud number) were measured. As a result, it was observed that fertilization positively affects the development of seedlings and depending on the fertilization type the seedlings of European hophornbeam populations were found to exhibit different improvements/growing. In addition, 6-9 months Osmocote release fertilizers were determined to be the best fertilizers affecting the morphological (diameter and height) development of European hophornbeam populations effectively, and among the populations, Düzce and Kastamonu populations showed the best improvement/growing.

In this study the resistance of 200 Enterobacteriaceae isolates recovered from seawater in Giresun Coasts (Black Sea) to 9 different antibiotics was investigated by agar diffusion methods. Antibiotic resistance levels of isolates was determined respectively, Erythromycin (E): 82%, Cefazolin (CZ): 46.50%, Cefotaxime (CTX): 50.50%, Amikacin (AK): 41.50%, Nalidixic acid (NA): 34.50%, Tetracycline (TE): 30.50%, Chloramphenicol (C): 36.50%, Cefuroxime (CXM): 35.50% and Ampicillin (AM): 15.50%. It was found that 2 isolates resistant to all antibiotics, 5 isolates sensitive and 91% of all isolates multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index values were higher than 0.2. It was concluded that bacteriological quality in Giresun coastal area could cause public health problems due to the not provided necessary hygiene and sanitation.

The study was carried out to estimate the temperature, light intensity, salinity, Dissolved O2 (DO), pH values and the biotic parameter chlorophyll- a in the water column related with the depth. Because, the physico-chemical parameters affect greatly both primary and secondary producers in marine life. For this purpose the physico-chemical properties were determined day and night for 40 meter depth during the eight days. The means were compared by using the analysis of variance method and Duncan’s Multiple Comparison Test. Also physico-chemical parameters were estimated by using the analysis of regression and correlation. The effect of temperature and salinity were found significant according to the result of the analysis of variance during the day. Also the similar results were found for the night. While the effect of the depth on the chloropyll-a a was significant in the night, the effect of the depth on the DO was not significant in the day and night. The correlations among the depth and the parameters were defined. It was found the negative correlation between the depth and the temperature and light intensity. Determination coefficient of the model for salinity was also found different for day time. The correlation values among the depth and the temperature, salinity and pH were found different for the night.

The leaves of Cnidoscolus aurifolia were analysed for their chemical, antinutrients, proximate and mineral element compositions using standard procedures. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes and tannins while anthraquinones, glycosides and phlobatannins were absent. Proximate analysis indicated high protein content (59.45 ± 0.07%) with crude fibre and fat also present in appreciable quantities. Mineral elements determination showed the presence of calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and zinc. Antinutrient analysis of the leaf extract of C. aurifolia indicated low levels of phytic acid and hydrocyanide well below the lethal doses. An unusually high oxalate level of 404.80 ± 0.11 mg/100 g (dry weight) was also obtained although still below toxic level. These results support the ethnomedicinal and nutritional uses of this plant and suggest that the consumption of leaves of C. aurifolia is not harmful nutritively.

In this study, researchers on storage and quality properties of mushrooms cultivated in the world and Turkey have been investigated. Mushrooms contain some important minerals and vitamins such as iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, copper and folate, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B, C, D and also they are a good source of carbohydrate and protein. After harvest, to extend the shelf life of mushrooms, some applications such as pre-cooling, storage in appropriate temperature, use of different types of polyethylene packaging, modified atmosphere packaging, nitric oxide and UV light applications were done on mushrooms. The effects of these applications on physical and chemical features such as like weight loss, firmness, cap opening rate, cap diameter, stem diameter, browning, colour, respiration rate, enzymatic reactions, total phenols, total sugars, aminoacid content were investigated.

Genome modifications include potential about providing significant advantages on increasing yield performance and developing resistance to diseases. Gene editing methods that provides silencing or expressing of a gene which is an individual already has, have important potential for improving genetic structure without environmental effects. In recent times, new gene editing systems were developed. These are ZFNs (Zinc Finger Nucleases), TALENs (Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases) and CRISPR/Cas nuclease systems. CRISPR/Cas system is a microbial immune system that uses RNA guided nucleases for destroying genetic materials and its potential usage like a simple and efficient gene editing mechanism in animals is being evaluated recently. In this review, we summarized CRISPR/Cas9 system and its usability in animal breeding

The main objective of this study is to determine the factors affecting the application of innovations for dairy farmers in the Milas district, Muğla province, Turkey. Data from 71 dairy farmers and the Multinominal logit model are used for this study. The dependent variable of the model is divided into three categories; “I don’t apply any agricultural innovations”, “I apply agricultural innovations only after other farmers apply and express their positive opinion” and “I apply agricultural innovations”. In conclusion of the analysis, the comparisons are done with the farmers who “do not apply any agricultural innovations,” and the farmers who “apply agricultural innovations only after other farmers apply and express their positive opinion”; it is determined that a one unit increase in educational level raised the likelihood of applying innovations after receiving positive opinion. When the farmers that “apply agricultural innovation”, and that “apply agricultural innovations only after other farmers apply and express their positive opinion” are compared, it is found that a one unit increase in the number of milking animals had increased the likelihood of applying the innovations.

Nigeria is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa with insufficient food and high food import bill, which have debilitating effects on the productive capacity of the citizens. Maize is the most important cereal after rice and its production contributes immensely to food availability on the tables of many Nigerians. This study examined the contribution of maize production to household food security status of rural maize-farming households in the southern guinea savannah of Oyo state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 200 farm households and the data were analysed using descriptive statistics, recommended daily calorie requirement (RDCR) approach, Logit model. Results showed that about three-quarters of the households were food secure and were able to meet the recommended calorie intake of 2260Kcal per capita per day. The shortfall index (P) which measures the extent of deviation from the food security line, indicated that the food secure households exceeded the RDCR by 65%, while the food insecure households fell short of the RDCR by 31%. The logit model showed that maize output, gender, primary occupation of the farmer, farm size and farming experience had a positive influence on food security status while age had a negative influence on the food security status of maize-based farming households in the Southern Guinea Savannah of Oyo State, Nigeria. This suggests need for specific support to improve maize production

Sediments in aquatic systems are often contaminated by various pollutants originating from the sources such as industrial and agricultural discharges, municipal wastewater treatment plants, and storm water. These effects lead to the need to develop sediment quality objectives regarding the protection of aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, the sediment samples were collected from five sampling sites and then analyzed in order to identify the concentrations of certain metals (As, Se, Ag, Cd, Na, and K), the levels of pH, conductivity, water content (%) and organic matter (%) in the Yağlıdere Stream. Finally, Geo-accumulation index values calculated based on the estimations regarding the background trace element concentrations suggested the anthropogenic influences in most of the samples. In conclusion, it was observed that K, Na, As, and Se dominantly accumulated in the study area. These metals may have a negative impact on the research area and create an environmental risk.