Phenolic compounds which have many bioactivities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and also inhibition of quorum sensing-regulated violacein pigment production properties are one of the plant secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and the inhibition of quorum sensing (QSI) activity by the phenolic extract obtained from strawberry fruits (Fragaria×ananassa cv. ‘Rubygem’). The phenolic content of extract was determined as 3089 μg GAE g fw-1. The antioxidant activity determined through the ABTS+ and FRAP method was 28.4 and 26.2 mmol TE L-1 respectively. The phenolic extract was able to inhibit all the evaluated bacteria by the disc diffusion assay in the range of 3.12–18.36 mm and could inhibit the quorum sensing phenomena in bacteria. The strawberry phenolic extract exhibited high antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing properties. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the quorum sensing inhibition activity of strawberry fruit extract. The discovery of non-toxic novel compounds within antibacterial and QSI activity could lead to the development of antimicrobial therapeutic agents that can be alternative and complementary treatments against antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens

O tamanho, estrutura e diversidade vegetal dos fragmentos têm influência direta na taxa de decomposição da serrapilheira, por induzir uma comunidade específica da biota do solo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a caracterização da fauna edáfica em áreas de floresta atlântica em diferentes estádios sucessionais em duas estações distintas do ano (verão e inverno) no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES. Utilizaram-se duas áreas com formações vegetais distintas em relação ao estádio sucessional, definidas como: floresta secundária ‘antiga’ (FSA) e floresta secundária (FS). Para a coleta da fauna edáfica foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo ‘pitfall’, onde em cada uma das áreas foi delimitado um talhão de aproximadamente 1 ha, e nestes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente 10 armadilhas. No total foram coletados 5009 indivíduos, separados em 29 grupos taxonômicos. O grupo taxonômico Díptera e o grupo funcional Holometábolos foram os mais representativos para a FSA no inverno e verão, e FS no inverno, diferindo deste comportamento, na FS no verão houve predomínio do grupo Formicidae e Sociais: Formicidae. Na área de FS, verifi cou-se maior número de indivíduos coletados, riqueza total e riqueza média em comparação com a FSA. Os melhores índices de diversidade e uniformidade foram verificados na estação inverno em ambas as áreas.

O tamanho, estrutura e diversidade vegetal dos fragmentos têm influência direta na taxa de decomposição da serrapilheira, por induzir uma comunidade específica da biota do solo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a caracterização da fauna edáfica em áreas de floresta atlântica em diferentes estádios sucessionais em duas estações distintas do ano (verão e inverno) no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES. Utilizaram-se duas áreas com formações vegetais distintas em relação ao estádio sucessional, definidas como: floresta secundária antiga (FSA) e floresta secundária (FS). Para a coleta da fauna edáfica foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo pitfall, onde em cada uma das áreas foi delimitado um talhão de aproximadamente 1 ha, e nestes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente 10 armadilhas. No total foram coletados 5009 indivíduos, separados em 29 grupos taxonômicos. O grupo taxonômico Díptera e o grupo funcional Holometábolos foram os mais representativos para a FSA no inverno e verão, e FS no inverno, diferindo deste comportamento, na FS no verão houve predomínio do grupo Formicidae e Sociais: Formicidae. Na área de FS, verifi cou-se maior número de indivíduos coletados, riqueza total e riqueza média em comparação com a FSA. Os melhores índices de diversidade e uniformidade foram verificados na estação inverno em ambas as áreas. | The vegetal fragments size, structure and diversity have direct influence on the litter decomposition rate of decomposition, by inducing a soil biota specific community. This study was carried out to characterize the soil fauna in forest Atlantic areas with different successional stages in two different seasons (summer and winter) in Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES, Brazil. Were used two areas with different vegetation types in relation to successional stage, defi ned as: Secondary Forest "Old" (SFO) and Secondary Forest (FS). To edaphic fauna collect, were used "pit fall" traps where in each area was defi ned a plot of about 1 ha, and these were distributed randomly 10 traps. Were collected 5.009 individuals, separated into 29 taxonomic groups. The taxonomic group Díptera and functional group Holometábolos were the most representative for the SFO in the winter and summer, and FS in the winter, this behavior differs in FS in the summer there was a predominance of the Social and Formicidae groups. In the SF area was observed a greater number of individuals, total wealth and average wealth compared with the SFO. The best diversity and uniformity indexes were observed in the winter season in both areas.

Toz gıdaların üretiminde akış davranışlarının belirlenmesi teknolojik uygulamalar açısından oldukça önemlidir. Toz akış davranışı verilerinin kullanıldığı bir uygulama, depo ünitesi dizaynıdır. Toz gıdaların akış davranışları partikül boyutu, dağılımı, parçacık şekli, parçacıkların kimyasal bileşimi, nem ve sıcaklık gibi parametrelere bağlı olduğundan bu parametrelerin belirlenmesi gereklidir. Bu amaçla kaya tuzu ve sofra şekeri tozlarının farklı partikül boyutlarındaki akış davranışları PFT Toz Akış Test Cihazı kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Böylece tozların akış fonksiyonu, yığın kütle yoğunluğu ve sıkıştırılabilirlik özelliklerinin partikül boyutuna göre değişimi incelenmiştir. Kaya tuzu ve sofra şekeri örnekleri öğütme ve eleme işlemlerinden geçirilerek tuzdan 5 farklı fraksiyon, şekerden ise 7 farklı fraksiyon elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre partikül boyutu büyüdükçe akışkanlığın kolaylaştığı, yoğunluğun arttığı, sıkıştırılabilirliğin ise azaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu parametrelerin önemli derecede değişim gösterdiği eşik partikül boyut değerinin 100-200 µm boyut aralığı olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

The seeds from 58 introductions of the genus Lycopersicon were multiplied in the glasshouse. Thirty seeding of each introductions producing germinated seed were planted for to observe the characteristics of agronomical interest. Five reciprocal crosses were made with two experimental varieties (Chonto-1091 and Napoli-1457) with the purpose of to study the crossing efficiency of the introductions. From 58 introductions planted on1y 16 produced germinated seeds (L. hirsutum- 1408, L. g1andulosum- 1403 y 1404, L. peruvianum-613 y 1409 L. pimpinellifolium- 615, L. esculentum-633 S. pennelli- 632 L. esculentum var. ceraciforme- 183, 616. 923, 1140, 1506 y 1508 L. esculentum grandifolium -1217 L. esculentum validum- 1110). The was great variability in emergence, precocity, harvest  interval, fruit flower relationsphip, yield, and in the chemical and physical anaIisys of the fruits. L. peruvianum- 613 and 1409, L. glandulosum- 1403 and 1404; L. pimpinellifolium 615 did not show a severe attack of Scrobipalpula absoluta. The varieties of L. esculentum had higher crossing efficiency (84.3 %) then the species of Lycopersicon (27.7%). In Lycopersicon species the efficiencies were: L. esculentum (75%); L. pimpinellifolium (50%); L. hirsutum (40%), L. glandulosum (5%) and L. peruvianum (2.5%). | En condiciones de invernadero se renovó la semilla de 58 introducciones del género Lycopersicon. En condiciones de campo se evaluaron cerca de 30 plantas de cada una de las introducciones viables. Además, se realizaron 5 cruzamientos, incluyendo los recíprocos, entre cada una de las introducciones viables y las variedades experimentales Chonto-109 y Napoli-1457. De 58 introducciones solo 16 produjeron semilla viable (L. hirsutum-1408, L. glandulusum   1403 y 1404, L. peruvianum-613 y 1409, L. pimpinellifolium-615, L. esculentum-633, L. pennelli- 632, L. esculentum var. ceraciforme- 183, 616. 923, 1140, 1506 Y 1508, L. esculentum varo grandifolium -1217, L. esculentum validum- 1110). Hubo gran variabilidad en emergencia, precocidad, duración de cosecha, cuajamiento de flores, rendimiento y sus componentes, análisis físico-químico de frutos entre las diferentes introducciones. L. peruvianum- 613 y 1409, L. glandulosum- 1403 y 1404 y L. pimpinellifolium 615 presentaron poco ataque de Scrobipalpula absoluta. Las variedades botánicas de L. esculentum presentaron mayores eficiencias de cruzamiento (84.3 %) que las especies de Lycopersicon (27.7 %), cuyas eficiencias fueron: L. esculentum (75%), L. pimpinellifolium (50%), L. hirsutum (40%), L. glandulosum (5%) y L. peruvianum (2.5%).

This study was carried out to determine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Fe) in Diopatra neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1841) and sediments in the middle region of İzmir Bay. In the two-year period between autumn 2002 and summer 2004, it has been determined that metal concentrations in D. neapolitana vary over time. The order of accumulation of metal concentrates in D. neapolitana was determined as Cd

Wettable powder formulations by microencapsulation of viral occlusion bodies (OBs) of both Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus from Colombia (SfCOL) and a genotypic variant (SfCOL-A) were evaluated for controlling the fall armyworm S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize crops. Microencapsulation preserved OBs activity after three months of storage at 35ºC, where insecticidal activity loss was not greater than 12%. Additionally, the formulation protected the OBs against inactivation caused by UV-B radiation, retaining its insecticidal activity after 6 hours of UV laboratory exposure, in contrast to unformulated viral suspensions, which presented an Original Activity Remaining (OAR) between 12.1 and 50%. Under greenhouse conditions, the insect mortality was greater than 80% with microencapsulated viruses. In field trials, treatments reduced the percentage of damaged plants to levels below the economic injury level (35%) when the formulated and unformulated virus were applied at 8x1011 OBs/ha (800g/ha) dose, while the damage in the control treatment was close to 60%. Microencapsulation of SfCOL and SfCOL-A OBs provides useful advantages related to half-life and photostability of both viruses, which showed the same efficacy under field conditions. | Wettable powder formulations by microencapsulation of viral occlusion bodies (OBs) of both Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus from Colombia (SfCOL) and a genotypic variant (SfCOL-A) were evaluated for controlling the fall armyworm S. frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize crops. Microencapsulation preserved OBs activity after three months of storage at 35ºC, where insecticidal activity loss was not greater than 12%. Additionally, the formulation protected the OBs against inactivation caused by UV-B radiation, retaining its insecticidal activity after 6 hours of UV laboratory exposure, in contrast to unformulated viral suspensions, which presented an Original Activity Remaining (OAR) between 12.1 and 50%. Under greenhouse conditions, the insect mortality was greater than 80% with microencapsulated viruses. In field trials, treatments reduced the percentage of damaged plants to levels below the economic injury level (35%) when the formulated and unformulated virus were applied at 8x1011 OBs/ha (800g/ha) dose, while the damage in the control treatment was close to 60%. Microencapsulation of SfCOL and SfCOL-A OBs provides useful advantages related to half-life and photostability.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kapıaçmaz Göleti zooplankton faunasının tespiti ve mevsimsel değişiminin belirlenmesidir. Zooplankton örnekleri Temmuz 2017 - Haziran 2018 tarihleri arasında mevsimsel olarak, belirlenen 2 istasyondan 55 μm göz açıklığında plankton kepçesi kullanılarak, yatay çekimlerle toplanmıştır. Zooplanktonda Rotifera grubundan 17 Cladocera grubundan 4 ve Copepoda grubundan 3 tür olmak üzere toplam 24 tür tespit edilmiştir. Zooplankton gruplarının toplam birey sayılarına göre Rotifera en baskın (%72,42) grup olup, bunu Cladocera (%33,70) ve Copepoda (%17,32) izlemiştir.

The irrigation methods offer a good alternative for increasing water use efficiency. The main purpose of this study was to identify the best irrigation level for Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) plants based on available water capacity (AWC) of substrate. An experiment carried out with three irrigation levels (20, 40 and 60% of AWC) and five genotypes (H225, H241, H244, H226 and Jaguar). The irrigation level of 20% decreased the soil water potential to cause water stress in plants. At an irrigation level of 40%, average jaguar plant height (92 cm) and H241 (79 cm), genotypes were greater than under the other treatments. Average leaf area of H225, H241 and H244 plants was at least 48% greater than Jaguar plants. Average total dry matter of H241 and Jaguar plants, were 30 and 28% greater than H226 plants; and values of maximum photochemical quantum yield (Fv/Fm), relative electron transport rate and effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II were higher in H241, H244 and H226 plants; i.e. they are less probably due to photo inhibition damage. However, flowering time was earlier in plants with an irrigation level (IL) of 20% than plants with an IL of 40%, this was a consequence of stress due to water deficit. The 60% irrigation treatment caused flooding and all genotypes died before the inflorescence stage. These results suggest the enforcement of a suitable irrigation level based in available water capacity of substrate coupled with a vigorous genotype can encourage healthy plants and high water use efficiency.

Bu çalışma mürdümük “M” (Lathyrus sativus L.) tahıl ikili karışımlarının silaj verimi ve kalitesini belirlenmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Tahıl olarak yulaf “Y” (Avena sativa L.) ve arpa “A” (Hordeum vulgare L.) kullanılmıştır. Karışımlar %80:20, 60:40 ve 40:60 tohum oranlarıyla ekilmiş, kontrol olarak mürdümük ve tahılların yalın ekimleri de kullanılmıştır. Hasat yalın tahıllar ve karışımlarda tahıllar süt olum, yalın mürdümükte ise tam çiçeklenme döneminde yapılmıştır. Silaj örneklerinde; fiziksel gözlemler (renk, koku, strüktür) ile kuru madde, ham protein, ham kül, laktik asit, asetik asit, bütirik asit, potasyum (K), fosfor (P), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg), demir (Fe), çinko (Zn), mangan (Mn), kobalt (Co), bakır (Cu), selenyum (Se) ve sodyum (Na) içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Karışımların silaj verimi 703,6 (%100M) – 1939,0 (%80M+%20A) kg/da arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek laktik asit içeriği %4,078 ile yalın arpada belirlenmiş ancak, %40M+%60Y (%3,198) ve %40M+%60A (%2,937) karışımları da yalın arpa ile aynı grupta yer almıştır. Karışımların asetik asit ve bütirik asit değerleri ise %0,001–0,187 ve %0,312–1,101 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Mineral içerik bakımından %100M ve %60M+%40Y silajları diğer karışımlardan daha yüksek değere sahip olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, yalın ekime oranla mürdümüğün tahıllarla ekilmesi verimi önemli ölçüde arttırmıştır. Arpa hem yalın olarak hem de karışımlarda yulaftan daha iyi performans göstermiştir. Bu itibarla mürdümüğün arpa ile 60:40 tohum oranında karışık ekilmesi silaj verimi ile kalitesi açısından daha uygun görülmüştür.

Abstract Microencapsulation protects different bioactive compounds (anthocyanins) from environmental factors, increasing their half-life. In this study, the extraction and microencapsulation conditions for purple cabbage anthocyanins were determined, in addition to stability of the natural pigment obtained in a fermented milk beverage. Scalded was used for enzymatic inactivation in purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. Capitata f. Rubra) leaves, the extraction of bioactive compounds was carried out using green technologies (microwaves), concentrating the anthocyanin solution and mixing with wall materials such as maltodextrin, inulin and gum arabic for microencapsulation and addition to fermented milk beverage. The color stability was determined for 8 days; the AE of the beverage was slightly perceptible by the human eye. The concentration of anthocyanins was 199 mg/L with a solution of water and 2% acidified ethyl alcohol at 880 W of power for 90 s; the best drying performance was 58.9%. | Resumen La microencapsulación protege diferentes compuestos bioactivos (antocianinas) de factores ambientales, aumentando su vida media. En este estudio, se determinaron las condiciones de extracción y microencapsulación para las antocianinas de hojas de repollo morado (Brassica oleracea L. sp. Capitata f. Rubra), además de la estabilidad del pigmento natural obtenido en una bebida fermentada láctea. Para la inactivación enzimática en las hojas de repollo morado se utilizó el escaldado y la extracción de compuestos bioactivos se realizó mediante tecnologías verdes (microondas), concentrando la solución de antocianinas y mezclando con materiales pared como: maltodextrina, inulina y goma arábiga para su microencapsulación y adición a bebidas lácteas fermentadas. La estabilidad del color se determinó durante 8 días. El AE de la bebida fue levemente perceptible por el ojo humano. La concentración de antocianinas fue de 199 mg/L con una solución de agua y alcohol etílico acidificada al 2% a 880 W de potencia durante 90 s; el mejor rendimiento de secado fue de 58.9%.