Phenolic compounds which have many bioactivities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and also inhibition of quorum sensing-regulated violacein pigment production properties are one of the plant secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and the inhibition of quorum sensing (QSI) activity by the phenolic extract obtained from strawberry fruits (Fragaria×ananassa cv. ‘Rubygem’). The phenolic content of extract was determined as 3089 μg GAE g fw-1. The antioxidant activity determined through the ABTS+ and FRAP method was 28.4 and 26.2 mmol TE L-1 respectively. The phenolic extract was able to inhibit all the evaluated bacteria by the disc diffusion assay in the range of 3.12–18.36 mm and could inhibit the quorum sensing phenomena in bacteria. The strawberry phenolic extract exhibited high antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing properties. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the quorum sensing inhibition activity of strawberry fruit extract. The discovery of non-toxic novel compounds within antibacterial and QSI activity could lead to the development of antimicrobial therapeutic agents that can be alternative and complementary treatments against antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens

O tamanho, estrutura e diversidade vegetal dos fragmentos têm influência direta na taxa de decomposição da serrapilheira, por induzir uma comunidade específica da biota do solo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a caracterização da fauna edáfica em áreas de floresta atlântica em diferentes estádios sucessionais em duas estações distintas do ano (verão e inverno) no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES. Utilizaram-se duas áreas com formações vegetais distintas em relação ao estádio sucessional, definidas como: floresta secundária ‘antiga’ (FSA) e floresta secundária (FS). Para a coleta da fauna edáfica foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo ‘pitfall’, onde em cada uma das áreas foi delimitado um talhão de aproximadamente 1 ha, e nestes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente 10 armadilhas. No total foram coletados 5009 indivíduos, separados em 29 grupos taxonômicos. O grupo taxonômico Díptera e o grupo funcional Holometábolos foram os mais representativos para a FSA no inverno e verão, e FS no inverno, diferindo deste comportamento, na FS no verão houve predomínio do grupo Formicidae e Sociais: Formicidae. Na área de FS, verifi cou-se maior número de indivíduos coletados, riqueza total e riqueza média em comparação com a FSA. Os melhores índices de diversidade e uniformidade foram verificados na estação inverno em ambas as áreas.

O tamanho, estrutura e diversidade vegetal dos fragmentos têm influência direta na taxa de decomposição da serrapilheira, por induzir uma comunidade específica da biota do solo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a caracterização da fauna edáfica em áreas de floresta atlântica em diferentes estádios sucessionais em duas estações distintas do ano (verão e inverno) no município de Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES. Utilizaram-se duas áreas com formações vegetais distintas em relação ao estádio sucessional, definidas como: floresta secundária antiga (FSA) e floresta secundária (FS). Para a coleta da fauna edáfica foram utilizadas armadilhas do tipo pitfall, onde em cada uma das áreas foi delimitado um talhão de aproximadamente 1 ha, e nestes foram distribuídas aleatoriamente 10 armadilhas. No total foram coletados 5009 indivíduos, separados em 29 grupos taxonômicos. O grupo taxonômico Díptera e o grupo funcional Holometábolos foram os mais representativos para a FSA no inverno e verão, e FS no inverno, diferindo deste comportamento, na FS no verão houve predomínio do grupo Formicidae e Sociais: Formicidae. Na área de FS, verifi cou-se maior número de indivíduos coletados, riqueza total e riqueza média em comparação com a FSA. Os melhores índices de diversidade e uniformidade foram verificados na estação inverno em ambas as áreas. | The vegetal fragments size, structure and diversity have direct influence on the litter decomposition rate of decomposition, by inducing a soil biota specific community. This study was carried out to characterize the soil fauna in forest Atlantic areas with different successional stages in two different seasons (summer and winter) in Santa Maria de Jetibá, ES, Brazil. Were used two areas with different vegetation types in relation to successional stage, defi ned as: Secondary Forest "Old" (SFO) and Secondary Forest (FS). To edaphic fauna collect, were used "pit fall" traps where in each area was defi ned a plot of about 1 ha, and these were distributed randomly 10 traps. Were collected 5.009 individuals, separated into 29 taxonomic groups. The taxonomic group Díptera and functional group Holometábolos were the most representative for the SFO in the winter and summer, and FS in the winter, this behavior differs in FS in the summer there was a predominance of the Social and Formicidae groups. In the SF area was observed a greater number of individuals, total wealth and average wealth compared with the SFO. The best diversity and uniformity indexes were observed in the winter season in both areas.

Bu çalışma üzüm üretiminde organik ürün aşaması olan 2006 ve 2007 yıllarında Manisa Bağcılık Araştırma Enstitüsü’ne ait Alaşehir-Yeşilyurt işletmesindeki, sulanabilir şartlarda, 15 yaşındaki Sultani Çekirdeksiz parselinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu araştırma, Sultani Çekirdeksiz üzüm üretiminde önemli bir potansiyele sahip olan Manisa Alaşehir yöresinde organik ve konvansiyonel üretim yöntemlerinin yaprak ayası ve yaprak sapının besin elementleri içeriği (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn ve Mn) üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulan denemede organik ve konvansiyonel yetiştirme tekniği yöntemleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda Sultani Çekirdeksiz üzüm çeşidinin beslenmesi içeriği açısından konvansiyonel ile organik üzüm üretim yöntemleri birbirleriyle karşılaştırıldığında organik üretim yönteminde asmanın yaprak ayası ve yaprak sapının bitki besin maddesi içeriklerinin konvansiyonel yönteme göre daha yüksek değerlere sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

<p>Se realizó la caracterización morfológica de 114 accesiones de <em>Tadehagi triquetrum </em>provenientes de Tailandia, Vietnam, China, Indonesia y Papúa Nueva Guinea. Dicho material vegetal hace parte del banco de germoplasma del programa de forrajes del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Estas accesiones se utilizan en alimentación animal e inicialmente fueron sembradas en el invernadero del programa de forrajes del CIAT Palmira y después de 8 semanas se trasplantaron al sitio definitivo en los terrenos de la subestación experimental del CIAT Santander de Quilichao. Cada accesión fue sembrada en una hilera de tres plantas, a las cuales se les realizó descripciones cualitativas y cuantitativas de cada uno de los órganos de la planta (hojas, tallo, inflorescencia, flor, fruto y semilla).</p><p>Se observaron tres tipos de hojas según la forma; oblongas, ovadas y entre oblongas y ovadas. También se hallaron tres tipos de hábito de crecimiento; erecto, ascendente y postrado. Además se encontró que la especie presenta hojas compuestas, pinnadas con terminación aguda, y peciolo alado, tallos con ramas simpondiales no leñosas, de crecimiento herbáceo, con inflorescencias de tipo racimosas simples axiales y terminales, flores completas con los cuatro verticilos, hermafroditas, de estambres cognados diadelfos y con un promedio de diez estambres por flor, los frutos son legumbres dehiscentes con un promedio de 4 semillas por vaina que se caracterizan por ser tridimensionales con un peso promedio de 0,37 g por 100 semillas.</p>

Morphological characterization was performed of 114 accessions of Tadehagi triquetrum from Thailand, Vietnam, China, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The plant material is part of genebank fodder program of the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). These accessions are used in animal feed and initially were sown in the greenhouse of CIAT forage program Palmira and after 8 weeks were transplanted to the final location on the grounds of the CIAT experimental substation Santander de Quilichao. Each accession was planted in a row of three plants, which were subjected to qualitative and quantitative descriptions of each of the organs of the plant (leaves, stem, inflorescence, flower, fruit and seed). During the morphological description of the accessions were three types of leaves in the form, oblong, ovate and oblong, ovate between. There were also three types of growth habit, erect, ascending and prostrate. It was also found that the species Tadehagi triquetrum has compound leaves, pinnate with acute termination and winged petioles, stems with no branches simpondiales growing woody herb with simple racemose type inflorescences axial and terminal, complete with four flower whorls, hermaphrodites, stamens diadelphous cognates with an average of 10 per flower, the fruits are dehiscent legumes with an average of 4 seeds per pod which are characterized by three-dimensional with an average weight of 0.37 g per 100 seeds. | Se realizó la caracterización morfológica de 114 accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum provenientes de Tailandia, Vietnam, China, Indonesia y Papúa Nueva Guinea. Dicho material vegetal hace parte del banco de germoplasma del programa de forrajes del Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). Estas accesiones se utilizan en alimentación animal e inicialmente fueron sembradas en el invernadero del programa de forrajes del CIAT Palmira y después de 8 semanas se trasplantaron al sitio definitivo en los terrenos de la subestación experimental del CIAT Santander de Quilichao. Cada accesión fue sembrada en una hilera de tres plantas, a las cuales se les realizó descripciones cualitativas y cuantitativas de cada uno de los órganos de la planta (hojas, tallo, inflorescencia, flor, fruto y semilla). Se observaron tres tipos de hojas según la forma; oblongas, ovadas y entre oblongas y ovadas. También se hallaron tres tipos de hábito de crecimiento; erecto, ascendente y postrado. Además se encontró que la especie presenta hojas compuestas, pinnadas con terminación aguda, y peciolo alado, tallos con ramas simpondiales no leñosas, de crecimiento herbáceo, con inflorescencias de tipo racimosas simples axiales y terminales, flores completas con los cuatro verticilos, hermafroditas, de estambres cognados diadelfos y con un promedio de diez estambres por flor, los frutos son legumbres dehiscentes con un promedio de 4 semillas por vaina que se caracterizan por ser tridimensionales con un peso promedio de 0,37 g por 100 semillas.

This study was carried out to determine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Fe) in Diopatra neapolitana (Delle Chiaje, 1841) and sediments in the middle region of İzmir Bay. In the two-year period between autumn 2002 and summer 2004, it has been determined that metal concentrations in D. neapolitana vary over time. The order of accumulation of metal concentrates in D. neapolitana was determined as Cd

Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen) is a climacteric fruit, very perishable, with high metabolic activity, rapid ripening and reduced storage time at room temperature, thus making difficult its commercialization. However, this research aimed to evaluate the effect of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on the quality and post-harvest conservation of sapodilla fruit under modified atmosphere at room temperature. The sapodilla fruits were harvested when they reached physiological maturity and then accommodated in Styrofoam trays with PVC film coating. Within each package, KMnO4 were placed at different concentrations (0, 0.250, 0.375, and 0.500 g of KMnO4 per kg of fruit, respectively), impregnated in vermiculite. In addition, were kept in storage at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C and 54 ± 5% RU) for fifteen days, with fruit quality analysis every five days. The potassium permanganate doses influenced the sapodilla fruit quality, wherein the concentration of 0.375 g of KMnO4 per kg of fruit was the most efficient, retarding the loss of firmness and vitamin C degradation of sapodilla fruits throughout five days storage under modified atmosphere at room temperature. The sapodilla fruit postharvest life stored under modified atmosphere with potassium permanganate 25 ± 1 °C and 54 ± 5% RU, is ten days. | Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen) is a climacteric fruit, very perishable, with high metabolic activity, rapid ripening and reduced storage time at room temperature, thus making difficult its commercialization. However, this research aimed to evaluate the effect of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) on the quality and post-harvest conservation of sapodilla fruit under modified atmosphere at room temperature. The sapodilla fruits were harvested when they reached physiological maturity and then accommodated in Styrofoam trays with PVC film coating. Within each package, KMnO4 were placed at different concentrations (0, 0.250, 0.375, and 0.500 g of KMnO4 per kg of fruit, respectively), impregnated in vermiculite. In addition, were kept in storage at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C and 54 ± 5% RU) for fifteen days, with fruit quality analysis every five days. The potassium permanganate doses influenced the sapodilla fruit quality, wherein the concentration of 0.375 g of KMnO4 per kg of fruit was the most efficient, retarding the loss of firmness and vitamin C degradation of sapodilla fruits throughout five days storage under modified atmosphere at room temperature. The sapodilla fruit postharvest life stored under modified atmosphere with potassium permanganate 25 ± 1 °C and 54 ± 5% RU, is ten days.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kapıaçmaz Göleti zooplankton faunasının tespiti ve mevsimsel değişiminin belirlenmesidir. Zooplankton örnekleri Temmuz 2017 - Haziran 2018 tarihleri arasında mevsimsel olarak, belirlenen 2 istasyondan 55 μm göz açıklığında plankton kepçesi kullanılarak, yatay çekimlerle toplanmıştır. Zooplanktonda Rotifera grubundan 17 Cladocera grubundan 4 ve Copepoda grubundan 3 tür olmak üzere toplam 24 tür tespit edilmiştir. Zooplankton gruplarının toplam birey sayılarına göre Rotifera en baskın (%72,42) grup olup, bunu Cladocera (%33,70) ve Copepoda (%17,32) izlemiştir.

Yotoco Nature Reserve is a protected area for conservation purposes, is located at 3o53'18'' N, 76o20'5'' W, in the town of Yotoco with an altitude of 1526 m. a. s. l. The present research aimed to identify the diversity of mite suborder Prostigmata associated with the rhizosphere of plants of the Natural Reserve of Yotoco. Six samplings of soil and leaf litter between the surface and 5 cm depth were done in a radius of 1 m from the stem of plants, which are representative in each location of study. Samples were taken to the laboratory in styrofoam coolers. To isolate the mites, the Berlese-Tulgren funnel was used and mites were collected in vials with 70% alcohol. For permanent mounting in microscope slides, the Hoyer medium was used. A completely randomized block design with stratified replicates was used. The total of collected individuals was 181 and they were distributed in the following mite families: Microtrombidiidae, Stigmaeidae, Cunaxidae, Bdellidae, Pseudocheylidae, Cryptognathidae, Eupalopsellidae and Scutacaridae. The Stigmaeidae family was the most abundant and frequent. Among the identified mite families, 15 genera were found, from which, the genera Stigmaeus Koch, 1836 was the most common.

Bu çalışma mürdümük “M” (Lathyrus sativus L.) tahıl ikili karışımlarının silaj verimi ve kalitesini belirlenmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Tahıl olarak yulaf “Y” (Avena sativa L.) ve arpa “A” (Hordeum vulgare L.) kullanılmıştır. Karışımlar %80:20, 60:40 ve 40:60 tohum oranlarıyla ekilmiş, kontrol olarak mürdümük ve tahılların yalın ekimleri de kullanılmıştır. Hasat yalın tahıllar ve karışımlarda tahıllar süt olum, yalın mürdümükte ise tam çiçeklenme döneminde yapılmıştır. Silaj örneklerinde; fiziksel gözlemler (renk, koku, strüktür) ile kuru madde, ham protein, ham kül, laktik asit, asetik asit, bütirik asit, potasyum (K), fosfor (P), kalsiyum (Ca), magnezyum (Mg), demir (Fe), çinko (Zn), mangan (Mn), kobalt (Co), bakır (Cu), selenyum (Se) ve sodyum (Na) içerikleri belirlenmiştir. Karışımların silaj verimi 703,6 (%100M) – 1939,0 (%80M+%20A) kg/da arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek laktik asit içeriği %4,078 ile yalın arpada belirlenmiş ancak, %40M+%60Y (%3,198) ve %40M+%60A (%2,937) karışımları da yalın arpa ile aynı grupta yer almıştır. Karışımların asetik asit ve bütirik asit değerleri ise %0,001–0,187 ve %0,312–1,101 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Mineral içerik bakımından %100M ve %60M+%40Y silajları diğer karışımlardan daha yüksek değere sahip olmuştur. Sonuç olarak, yalın ekime oranla mürdümüğün tahıllarla ekilmesi verimi önemli ölçüde arttırmıştır. Arpa hem yalın olarak hem de karışımlarda yulaftan daha iyi performans göstermiştir. Bu itibarla mürdümüğün arpa ile 60:40 tohum oranında karışık ekilmesi silaj verimi ile kalitesi açısından daha uygun görülmüştür.

Abstract Microencapsulation protects different bioactive compounds (anthocyanins) from environmental factors, increasing their half-life. In this study, the extraction and microencapsulation conditions for purple cabbage anthocyanins were determined, in addition to stability of the natural pigment obtained in a fermented milk beverage. Scalded was used for enzymatic inactivation in purple cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. Capitata f. Rubra) leaves, the extraction of bioactive compounds was carried out using green technologies (microwaves), concentrating the anthocyanin solution and mixing with wall materials such as maltodextrin, inulin and gum arabic for microencapsulation and addition to fermented milk beverage. The color stability was determined for 8 days; the AE of the beverage was slightly perceptible by the human eye. The concentration of anthocyanins was 199 mg/L with a solution of water and 2% acidified ethyl alcohol at 880 W of power for 90 s; the best drying performance was 58.9%. | Resumen La microencapsulación protege diferentes compuestos bioactivos (antocianinas) de factores ambientales, aumentando su vida media. En este estudio, se determinaron las condiciones de extracción y microencapsulación para las antocianinas de hojas de repollo morado (Brassica oleracea L. sp. Capitata f. Rubra), además de la estabilidad del pigmento natural obtenido en una bebida fermentada láctea. Para la inactivación enzimática en las hojas de repollo morado se utilizó el escaldado y la extracción de compuestos bioactivos se realizó mediante tecnologías verdes (microondas), concentrando la solución de antocianinas y mezclando con materiales pared como: maltodextrina, inulina y goma arábiga para su microencapsulación y adición a bebidas lácteas fermentadas. La estabilidad del color se determinó durante 8 días. El AE de la bebida fue levemente perceptible por el ojo humano. La concentración de antocianinas fue de 199 mg/L con una solución de agua y alcohol etílico acidificada al 2% a 880 W de potencia durante 90 s; el mejor rendimiento de secado fue de 58.9%.