Forage variety development for diversified environmental conditions may benefit from the use of genomic-based breeding procedures. In today's conditions, molecular markers are used by researchers in this field to track loci and genome regions in crop breeding studies. Although earlier characterization efforts yielded useful information, morphological traits and RAPD markers have limitations when used together for genetic diversity research. Different combinations of methodologies are required for diversified aims to study different forage species at the genetic level and to connect micro level traitsto macro level traits.

Healthy life in a sustainable environment is possible with accessible food production. The Covid-19 epidemic is a serious threat worldwide. This epidemic has revealed the importance of agricultural products. One of the most important areas of the epidemic affecting the whole world is exports; however, increased demand for agricultural products and exports in the epidemic process in Turkey. Turkey has a say in the trade of seedless dried grapes in the world. Seedless dried grape is on the healthy products list of the WHO. In 2019/2020, it had a share of 36% of world exports (with 246 thousand tons of export). This study was performed to evaluate their thoughts and farmers’ problems with the adoption of organic farming in Besni district of Adıyaman. The research conducted in-depth interviews with the farmers producing organic grapes. Also, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 50 farmers. According to the findings, the land width of the farmers is not much. It has an average growing area of 37.52 decares. An average yield of 1.808 kg da-1 is obtained from this area. Serious differences have been found between conventional and organic farming. Moreover, government supports, high product prices, income, health, sustainability, and environmental protection are reasons farmers switch to organic farming.  However, farmers argue that organic farming is less costly than conventional farming. Access to chemicals and marketing are major problems. As a result, farmers should be informed about organic farming. Additionally, it is thought that these studies will increase the productivity and product quality of the farmers. It is predicted that it will prevent rural to urban migration in the region.

Background: There are several clinical studies examining the health advantages of several single medicinal herbs utilized in traditional blood glucose-lowering treatments. But very few or no studies on herbal formulations were made as Polyherbal for the same goal. As a result, it is now necessary to confirm that patients with hyperglycemia can benefit from such Polyherbal medicines as Dolabi. Methods: This prospective open-label, herbal coded test drug-controlled, randomized trial was conducted at the Munshiganj and Dhaka area in Bangladesh. We enrolled 108 male and 104 female patients of 30-70 years with primary and moderate hyperglycemia. They were recruited from the OPD of an Unani & Ayurvedic hospital in Munshiganj and different Unani clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh after fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to receive metformin hydrochloride 500 mg two times daily and 2 tablets of Dolabi two times daily by using a random numbers table with the help of an assistant. Blood samples, height, weight, blood pressure, and personal data were recorded—laboratory results were obtained at the study baseline, after 1.5 months and after 3 months of intervention. Results: In the case of the test drug, results showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level between the baseline and after 3 months, in males, it was from 9.83±1.17 to 7.72±1.06 mg/dL for fasting glucose, from 16.60±2.35 to 8.23±1.17 mg/dL for 2 hours PP glucose, from 9.33±1.17 to 7.45±2.03 percent for HbA1c and for Insulin it reduces from 183.10±27.59 to 168.10±29.59 pmol/ L. The control drug metformin hydrochloride also showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level between baseline and after 3 months, in the case of males it was from 9.99±2.52 to 6.97±1.76 mg/dL for fasting glucose, from 17.43±5.05 to 7.89±2.42 mg/dL for 2 hours PP glucose, from 10.43±2.36 to 6.87±1.18 percent for HbA1c and for Insulin it reduces from 198.75±30.61 to 183.75±30.61p mol/L. In the case of females the test drug showed a significant reduction in fasting glucose, 2 hours PP glucose, HbA1c and Insulin between the baseline and after 3 months, it was from 10.02±1.11 to 7.78±0.93 mg/dL, from 16.88±2.21 to 8.16±1.11 mg/dL, from 9.84±1.04 to 7.45±1.03 percent and from 199.47±30.90 to 173.47±30.90 mg/dL respectively. In the case of females, the control drug showed a significant reduction in fasting glucose, 2 hours PP glucose, HbA1c and Insulin between baseline and after 3 months, it was from 10.18±1.92 to 6.71±1.59 mg/dL, from 18.70±3.88 to 7.60±3.74 mg/dL, from 10.58±1.08 to 6.98±1.08 percent and from 200.00±31.83 to 188.00±31.83 mg/dL respectively. Conclusions: We can infer the following from the present study’s findings: The polyherbal formulation Dolabi is able to reduce the blood glucose level. It can be an effective drug for primary hyperglycemic patients.

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens L.) is a proven high-cost protein source replacer and could be grown in a range of bio-degradable waste materials where hardly incorporated into broiler diets locally. The present study was aimed to assess the nutritional composition of BSFL, and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of BSFL meal provided to broiler chickens. BSFL full-fat meal produced from kitchen waste as a substrate were examined for their proximate composition, minerals and fatty acid profile. Eighty, 21-d old unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chickens (BW±SD: 665.8 ±14.3 g) were assigned randomly into 16 battery cages (04 replicates, five birds/replicate). A maize-soybean meal-based diet was used as the basal diet which was partially substituted by pre-analyzed BSFL meal at the rates of 5%, 10%, and 15% to produce three test diets. Birds were fed in a completely randomized design for 7-d with a 4-d adaptation period. Excreta were collected for three days from day 25 to 28. The results envisaged that the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents of the kitchen waste were 12.3%, and 10.5%, respectively. BSFL meal when analyzed had 34.4% CP and 47.3%, EE. The fatty acid (FA) profile of the kitchen waste was more or less similar to that of BSFL‘s meal. The estimated AME of the BSFL full-fat meal fed for broilers was estimated to be 15.7 MJ/kg. The BSFL full-fat meal can be utilized sustainably in feed formulation and has a high potential to replace costlier feed ingredients.

In this study, 34 molds showing pectin degradation activity were isolated from the soil of orchards, by several tests.  By using these isolates, pectinase group enzymes; studies on pectin lyase and polygalacturonase production were performed in the batch system and under non-sterile culture conditions. 5 isolates denoting polygalacturonase activity were coded as: T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and the best polygalacturonase activity among these isolates was determined as 354.4 U/L in T4 isolate. Thus, optimization analyses continued by the use of this isolate. Initial apricot pulp concentration, temperature, pH and incubation period were tested as optimization parameters. The effects on enzyme activities were investigated by changing the initial apricot pulp concentration in the range of 5-100 (g/L), and in this regard, polygalacturonase activity was determined as 397.4 U/L at 50 g/L. In addition, the pH parameter was analyzed in each unit between pH = 3 – 8, and the temperature was tested by increasing 5 units in the range of 5-25°C. Consequently, the maximum polygalacturonase activity was determined as 405.7 U/L at pH 5 and 406.3 U/L at 15°C. Besides, the effect of the incubation period was studied within 1-5 days and the maximum polygalacturonase activity was determined as 429.0 U/L on the 4th day (after 96 hours). As a result, the above-mentioned T4 isolate, with which the optimization studies were conducted, was identified as Sarocladium strictum (Top ekinküfü) T4 by molecular methods.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating hydrosoluble Opuntia ficus indica seeds extract in unpasteurized prickly pear juice and monitoring its stability. For this purpose, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), browning index (BI), total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), antiradical activity (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and microbial analysis were monitored for both enriched and controlled juices during different time and temperature storage. Before storage, the enriched juice values were respectively 0.096±0.001%, 14.1±0.01%, 0.756±0.01, 133.3±3.4mgGAE/100ml, 5.58±0.07mgQE/100ml, 95.89±14.27mgGAE/100ml and 59.34±5.52mgGAE/100ml for TA, TSS, BI, TPC, TF, DPPH and FRAP; while  0.16±0%, 14.1 ±0.001%, 1.2±0.01, 88.39±4.2mgGAE/100ml, 3.98±1.003mgQE/100ml, 51.08±14.27 mgGAE/100ml and 50.33±5.16mgGAE/100ml for the control juice. The microbial analysis revealed the absence of microorganisms even the juices were unpasteurized. Moreover, the results revealed that the enrichment attenuated significantly the effect of storage; indeed, the use of the prickly pear seeds extract in combination with the juices can be a good alternative to enhance the shelf life of unpasteurized prickly pear juice, and improve their quality attributes as well as to minimize the unwanted changes in the nutritional and organoleptic properties.

This study was carried out in Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Research, and Application Farm in 2021 to determine the effect of different irrigation water levels on tuber yield and quality parameters of the Agria potato variety. Drip irrigation method was used in the study and five different irrigation water levels (S1: 120% of the seven-day ETo, S2: 90% of the seven-day ETo, S3: 60% of the seven-day ETo, S4: 30% of the seven-day ETo, S5: No irrigation except germination and emergence) were determined based on the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Irrigation water (IW) amounts varied between 85.66-639.26 mm and evapotranspiration varied between 296.54-825.15 mm. Different amounts of IW significantly affected the vegetative growth, yield and quality parameters of potato. As irrigation water decreased, total tuber yield and marketable yield declined. Total tuber yield and marketable yield were 46.11 t/ha and 40.59 t/ha, respectively, in S1 treatment where the maximum amount of IW was applied, while they were 12.96 t/ha and 6.37 t/ha, respectively, in S5 treatment where no irrigation was applied. Logarithmic relationships were determined between evapotranspiration and total yield and between the amount of IW and total yield. Water use efficiency was determined between 43.69-55.88 kg/(ha×mm) and irrigation water use efficiency between 32.34-51.86 kg/(ha×mm) and yield response factor (ky) was calculated as 1.19.

The study aimed to evaluate the pH, water activity (aw), residual nitrite, lactic acid bacteria, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, Enterobacteriaceae and yeast-mould in fermented sausage samples from different firms. A total of 30 sucuk and 30 heat-treated sucuk samples were taken from 10 different brands with different batch numbers. According to analysis results, all samples, with the exception of some heat-treated sucuk samples from one brand, provided pH values that were within the permitted limit of regulation. For sucuk, mean aw value of only one brand was below 0.90, while aw values for heat-treated sucuk were in the range of 0.928 to 0.957. All samples had residual nitrite levels less than 15 mg/kg (in the range of 7.84-14.80 mg/kg). Yeast-mould and Enterobacteriaceae numbers were often below <2 log cfu/g. The number of Staphylococcus and Micrococcus showed a wide variation in both products which was <2 - 5.96 log cfu/g for sucuk and <2 - 7.85 log cfu/g for heat-treated sucuk. Lactic acid bacteria counts varied between 2-<4.0 log cfu/g in 40% of heat-treated sucuk samples. In sucuk, the number of lactic acid bacteria was <6 log cfu/g in 23.33% of the samples, and 6-<8 log cfu/g in 50% of the samples.

Agricultural farming is a complicated system that involves continuous interactions among its multiple components over a period of time. The series of activities involved in farming practices have enormous contributions to ensure food security for the humanity. With the passage of time, agriculture sector faces diversified challenges like high food demand of rapidly growing population, scarcity of available resources and adverse effect of climate change. In developing countries like Bangladesh, food sufficiency is mostly achieved through intensive farming which has detrimental effects on natural resources, surrounding environment, and the whole ecosystem. The review attempts to discover the potentials of conservation agriculture practices for sustainable crop productivity and economic profitability of smallholder farmers in Bangladesh. This study revealed that conservation farm management practice is a cost-effective modernized technique that has the ability to accelerate crop productivity and farmers income through minimum utilization of agricultural inputs. Although the concept of conservation agriculture is widely practiced in other parts of the world, Bangladesh is experiencing a slow rate of adoption during the last few years. The policy implication of the study suggests that the government should take coordinated and combined initiatives involving both public and private sector organizations to incorporate this concept into the mainstream agricultural system of Bangladesh.

Sorbitol is an important source of abiotic stress that is used to increase osmolality in cell cultures. It increases the antioxidant enzymes of defense catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the stress state of cells. Sorbitol plays an important role in stimulating these enzymes in cells and increasing phenylalanine ammonium lyase (PAL) activity. The aim of this study was to apply increasing doses of sorbitol elicitor to cell suspension cultures to determine the changes in cell number, viability, dry weight, and camphor content. In vitro plantlets were obtained from plant seeds and stem segments of these plants were used as explant source. Cell cultures were established after callus formation. Then, 0 (control), 5, 25, and 50 g L-1 sorbitol was dissolved in distilled water and cultured. Samples were taken three times in total, starting from day 1 to day 3. The content of camphor was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Cell number, viability,dry weight, and camphor content increased significantly with increasing doses of sorbitol compared to sampling times. Compared to the initial culture, the amount of camphor increased by 40% at the 5 g L-1 dose, 82% at the 25 g L-1 dose, and 154% at the 50 g L-1 dose. In A. gypsicola cell cultures, increasing doses of sorbitol have clearly demonstrated the secondary metabolite accumulation and its positive effect on cell growth.