It is well known that alternative food additives are being researched following the prohibition of the addition of antibiotics to poultry feed as growth factors. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been considered as alternatives to antibiotics. AMPs, produced by bacteria, insects, amphibians and mammals, as well as by chemical synthesis. In particular, their natural antimicrobial properties and their low tendency to create resistance in micro-organisms suggest that they might be a good alternative to antibiotics. They are not only effective against bacteria, but are also known to be effective against fungi and viruses. In studies on pigs and broiler chickens, they have been shown to be beneficial effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, the immune system, intestinal morphology and gut microbiota. Antimicrobial peptides are small biological molecules formed from 12-60 amino acids. AMPs have been reported to kill bacteria, in particular those showing resistance to multiple antibiotics. AMPs block the development of harmful bacteria while encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria. For instance, it has been reported that sublancin reduces the Clostridium perfringens count while increasing the numbers of Lactobacilli. Furthermore, they have been proved to have a strong effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some of the AMPs used in broiler chicken feeding are sublancin, secropin, magainin, nisin and defensin. These peptides can be used by adding them to feed or to drinking water. This review has attempted to find an answer to the question of whether AMPs added to the feed of broiler chickens can be an alternative to antibiotics by examining previous studies.

Ökaryot organizmalardaki simbiyotik bakteriler konukçu organizmalarda çok değişik etkiler gösterebilmektedirler. Moleküler biyoloji ve fonksiyonel genom bilim çalışmalarındaki hızlı ilerlemeler özellikle tarımsal ürünlerde zararlı olan böceklerin endosimbiyontlar ile kurdukları ilişkinin tam olarak aydınlatılmasında büyük önem arz etmektedir. Tarımsal ürünlerdeki önemli zararlılardan birisi de Pirinç biti Sitophilus oryzae (L.)’dir. Çalışma kapsamında Adana, Diyarbakır, Konya, Manisa ve İzmir illerinden S. oryzae popülasyonlarında endosimbiont mikroorganizmalardan Wolbachia, Rickettsia ve Spiroplasma varlıkları incelenmiştir. Rickettsia altı popülasyonun beşinde saptanmış ve enfeksiyon yüzdesinin %55,5 olduğu (popülasyonları temsil eden 36 bireyin 20’sinde) belirlenmiştir. Wolbachia altı popülasyonun dördünde saptanmış ve enfeksiyon yüzdesinin %22,2 olduğu (popülasyonları temsil eden 36 bireyin 8’inde) belirlenmiştir. Spiroplasma ise altı popülasyodan üçünde saptanmış olup enfeksiyon yüzdesi %8,3 olarak (popülasyonları temsil eden 36 bireyin 3’ünde) belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın önemi, Spiroplazma’nın, ilk kez S. oryzae’da tespit edilmiş olmasıdır.

The first introduction of human being with milk begins with human milk during infancy, continues with very commonly with cow’s milk and may be with other milk types during lifetime. Cow breeding and utilizing its milk in nutrition is widespread in the world. There are particular species common to their area such as donkey, camel, mare, yak and llama have an important share in milk production in the world. Donkey milk has higher serum protein and lower casein content being similar to human milk so regarded as a good and safer alternative for infants suffering from cow’s milk protein allergy. Mare milk is used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of some metabolic and allergic illnesses. It is generally consumed as fermented product. Llama milk contains higher amounts of calcium and phosphorus than cow's milk. Camel milk has high vitamin and mineral content and has claimed to have medicinal proteins. Its casein micelle size is larger naturally and it has lower amount of κ-casein these cause difficulties in cheese making and affect curd quality. Reindeer milk is an energy dense food with its high fat and high protein content when compared to cow’s milk. Its high protein content could make it suitable for protein supplementation. Its low lactose content makes its consumption possible by lactose intolerance patients. Yak is richer in almost all main nutritional components when compared with cow’s milk. It can be used in cheese, butter making and dried milk products. The objective of this review was to represent the composition of different animal species’ milks; other than cow, buffalo, sheep and goat, their importance in nutrition and technological use.

Pepper is one of the most cultivated vegetables worldwide and also consumed substantially as a flavouring ingredient in different culinary traditions. Therefore, many researchers have focused on its breeding to develop new varieties. One of plant breeding aims is to attain disease and pest resistance. The use of tissue culture methods in plant breeding has many advantages. The response of two nematode resistant pepper genotypes to the anther culture and the effect of cold pre-treatment to the floral buds have been investigated in this study. Alata 2095 and Alata 2096 both specified as resistant to the nematode by Alata Horticultural Research Institute (Alata, Mersin, Turkey) were used as plant material. Two pre-treatments were used in this study: cold and no cold. In cold treatment, flower buds were kept in fridge at 4°C for 24 hours prior to the anther culture. Murashige and Skoog medium contained 0.25% activated charcoal, 6.5 g L-1 agar, 0.5 mg L-1 6-benzyl-amino-purine (BAP), 4 mg L-1 naphthalene-acetic-acid (NAA), 15 mg L-1 silver nitrate (AgNO3), and 30 g L-1 sucrose was used. After assessment, the highest mean of plant number was 39.08 per 100 anthers for Alata 2095 genotype. It was 46.61 and 31.56 in cold and no cold treatment, respectively. For Alata 2096 genotype, the mean was 1.96 per 100 anthers (1.68 and 2.25 in cold and no cold treatment, respectively). Statistical analyses confirmed that there was significant difference between treatments, genotypes and also significant interaction between those factors. At the end of the study, we can say that Alata 2095 genotype has a good androgenic response and it can be beneficial in further pepper breeding studies.

Demand for organic products has been increasing in recent years. However, from time to time, some negativities encountered in marketing may lead to contraction in production or loss of product value. It is useful to know consumer preferences to create appropriate marketing and product patterns. This study was conducted to determine the pattern of organic product consumption in the TR72 region (Kayseri, Sivas and Yozgat) and the regional variation in the amount of overpayment. For this purpose, a face-to-face survey was conducted with 1350 families in order to determine the consumption pattern and value of organic products of consumers in TR72 region. As a result of the analyses, the difference between the regions in terms of consumed organic drinks, milk, eggs, chicken meat and vegetables and fruits were calculated as significant. In addition, regional differences were found to be significant in terms of consumption season, brand, organic egg and poultry overpayment rates. According to the findings; regional development level, income level and conscious consumption factors are effective on organic product selection, brand preference, consumption season and overpayment for organic product.

This study was conducted to determine profile and productivity characteristics of soils formed over the alluvial terraces located at different elevations and distances from Meriç River. Soil profiles were sampled at four different points located vertically at different distances from Meriç River and soil horizons were defined in these profiles. Twenty-eight disturbed soil samples were taken, and physico-chemical analyses were performed on these profile samples. While paddy farming is practices over the fields where profile 1 (P1), profile 3 (P3) and profile 4 (P4) are located, the field where profile 2 (P2) is located has long been used as pasture. Organic matter content of soils was generally “low” and “very low”. The highest organic matter contents were observed in A1 horizon of P2 (3.22%) and Ap horizon of P4 (2.09%). Soil pH values were generally “slightly acidic” and “neutral”. Soils were “calcareous” in P2 and “slightly calcareous” in the other profiles. Salinity was encountered in P2. Electrical conductivity (EC) of A1 horizon of this profile was measured as 6.51 dS m-1. Sodium (Na) content of this horizon was also “very high”. As compared to other profiles, P2 was located at a lower elevation, thus wet through majority of the year. Therefore, P2 was generally wet and had redoximorphic characteristics, high clay content and thus poor drainage conditions. P1 was located at the closest position to the river, thus had higher sand contents than the other profiles. Based on clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) was the greatest in P2 and the lowest in P1. Available nutrient contents of the profiles decreased through the depth of the profile. Phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), cupper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) contents of upper layers were “sufficient” and “excessive”. On the other hand, potassium (K) content was “sufficient” only in P2 and “low” in the other profiles.

Wheat is an essential crop throughout the world and especially in Pakistan. It has a great yield potential which can cope with the raising food challenges of the world but there is a more need to increase its yield with its increasing demand. There is a need to increase the yield by improving the genetic characters. Breeder’s intention is to find out the variability in the genetic lines and by the use of these lines they can develop the high yielding breeding lines. Multi-ovary is a novel character to increase the number of grains per spikelet. What type of gene actions control that? From this review we get that some support the single dominant gene controlled trait, some support the two recessive non-complementary genes controlled trait and some favour the both as it is controlled by both dominant and recessive genes in different tri-grain lines. Secondly there is a need to study the genetic variation for the yield contributing traits. So that we can improve our genotypes to attain high yield. How we can evaluate yield and yield components. Combining ability is a considerable tool for this. Literature revealed that additive gene action contributes more towards yield than non-additive. In this many lines also came forward as good combiners which in future we can use them for a successful wheat hybridization program.

In this study, the age, growth, and gonado-somatic index (GSI) of the Red mullet (Mullus barbatus ponticus Essipov, 1927) from the Eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey were examined. A total of 1466 M. barbatus ponticus were sampled between September 2010 and August 2011 from trammel net landings in Rize. The total length of Red mullet ranged from 7.42 cm to 17.80 cm and weight ranged from 9.59 g to 50.93 g, regardless of the sex. The sex ratio (♂/♀) was 0.46, with almost twice more females than males. The growth performance of M. barbatus ponticus in the study area is similar to that of the western populations of the same sub-species. A closed season of at least three months (from May to July) banning the use of even the stationary fishing gear will be beneficial for the sustainable stock of management of M. barbatus ponticus in the Black Sea.

The study was aimed to improve the nutritional composition of nettle (Utrica dioica L.) having positive effects on animals by solid-state fermentation. Aspergillus niger was used as a inoculant in fermentation of nettle. Before and after fermentation, crude protein (CP), ash, ether extract (EE), nitrogen-free extract (NFE), crude fiber (CF), hemicellulose (HC), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents of nettle were determined. The ash, NFE and HC content of nettle were increased by fermentation. However, A. niger decreased the CF and EE in nettle. The results showed that solid-state fermentation with A. niger can be used to improve the nutritional composition of nettle.

Gaziantep pita, one of the regional flat breads in Turkey, had the geographical sign registration certificate in 2017. Gaziantep pita quality is directly related to flour properties. In present study, physico-chemical and flourgraph properties of bread flour containing 0.550% and 0.650% ash content (d.b.) were investigated. Results showed that the moisture contents of both samples were not significantly different from each other and were under upper limit of 14.5%. Sedimentation values for 0.550% and 0.650% ash content (db.) of flours were found good, between 25-36 mL. Wet gluten contents of both flours were determined as medium, between 20-27%. The falling number values for the samples were higher than normal values. The extensibility values were in normal values for both flour samples. The resistance to extension values for both samples were low, although these values were significantly different from each other. Energy value of 0.550% ash content (d.b.) of bread flour was in normal value, while energy value of 0.650% ash content (d.b.) of flour was low. Physico-chemical and flourgraph properties of 0.550% and 0.650% ash content (d.b.) of flours could be improved by blending or adding α-amylase.