Su kahve hazırlamada kahve çeşidinden sonra ikinci önemli bileşen olup kahve kalitesini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada filtre kahve hazırlamada kullanılan dört farklı sertliğe sahip suyun (şişelenmiş, arıtma, orta sert ve sert su) filtre kahvenin uçucu bileşenlerine ve lezzetine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. En fazla sayıda uçucu bileşen orta sertlikteki su kullanılarak hazırlanan filtre kahvede (12 furan, 7 pirazin, 3 pirol, 2 aldehit, 1 furanon,1 keton, 1 piridin ve 1 tiyofen grubundan olmak üzere toplam 28 uçucu bileşen) belirlenmiştir. Filtre kahve hazırlamada kullanılan suyun sertliğinin 2-metilfuran, 2-metilbutanal, 5-metil-3-hegzanon, 1-metil-1H-pirol, 2-vinil-5-metilfuran, 2-(metoksimetil) furan, dihidro-2-metil- 3(2H)-furanon, 2-etil-3-metil-pirazin, 3-etil-2,5-dimetil-pirazin, 2-furankarboksaldehit, benzaldehit, 2,2'-bifuran ve 2,2'-metilenbisfuran uçucu bileşenlerinin alan yüzdesini etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Koku karakterleri (kavrulmuş kahve (2,27), kavrulmuş fındık (2,35), badem (0,96), çiğ sebze (2,69), toprak (0,96)) sert suyla hazırlanan filtre kahvelerde düşük yoğunlukta algılanmıştır. Sert suyla hazırlanan filtre kahvede tat karakterlerinden acı (3,63) en fazla algılanırken, en az algılanan karakterler fındık (0,40), baharat (0,63), limon kabuğu (0,58), tatlı (1,04), ekşi (1,52) tat olmuştur. Orta sert suyla hazırlanan filtre kahvede ise fındık (1.63), baharat (1.96), limon kabuğu (3.21), tatlı (2.23) tat karakterleri yoğun algılanmıştır. Ekşilik yumuşak suyla hazırlanan örneklerde en yoğun algılanırken (3,55), orta sert suyla hazırlanan kahvelerde ekşiliğin yoğunluğu azalmış (2,55), en düşük ise sert suyla hazırlanan örneklerde (1,52) algılanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda su sertliğinin filtre kahvenin lezzetini etkilediği belirlenmiş olup, daha fazla uçucu bileşen içeren filtre kahve elde edilmesi için filtre kahve hazırlanmada orta sertlikte suyun kullanılması önerilmektedir.

Determining the potential bioavailability of heavy metals, evaluating according to adapted regulations is essential to efficiently conserve our coastal and estuarine waters. In this study, it is aimed to determine the industrial pollution and various other pollution sources that the Black Sea Basin is exposed to by using DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films) method and grab (manuel) sampling method in water and sediment and to evaluate the existing pollution according to quality standards. In Samsun, seasonal samples were collected from five different sampling stations, namely Akkiraz Stream, Hıdırellez Stream, Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ) Channel, Şabanoğlu Stream and Selyeri Stream, which are selected from Tekkeköy region where industry is intensively active. In order to determine the heavy metal content in both water and sediment samples, the DGT method was chosen for passive sampling and the grab sampling method was used for active sampling, and the efficiency of the methods was evaluated. According to the results of the study, the heavy metal concentration in grab sampling for water samples in descending order Al> Fe> Zn> Pb> Ni> Cu; In the samples taken with DGT, they are listed as Al> Fe> Zn> Cu> Ni> Pb. There were significant relationships between the total metal concentrations of sediment (Csed) and water (Csu) in grab sampling and metal concentrations sediment (Csed-DGT) and water (Csu-DGT) measured by DGT. It was found that the sensitivity and performance of sampling with DGT was 2-10 times higher compared to grab sampling. The high resolution in situ DGT technique for the assessment and management of the potential release risk of heavy metals at the water-sediment interface is a complementary method that contributes to the standard grab sampling method.

This study targeted to elucidate the effect of seed aging on germination and emergence rates with and shoot characteristics in wheat cultivars. For this purpose, different bread wheat cultivars stored for 7 years and non-stored were compared for coleoptile length, root mass, shoot mass, root length as well as germination and seedling emergence rates. Here, the evidence suggested that seed storage over a prolonged period affected root and Shoot growth, coleoptile length, seed germination, and seedling emergence rates adversely. By linking germination and emergence rates, the data presented here indicated that a reduction in emergence rate in long-term storage was higher than that in the germination rate. It was also found that there were significant variations among the wheat cultivars about investigated traits during long-term storage. However, the emergence rates of Kate A1 and Flamura 85 were not affected substantially by long-term storage. The study suggested future studies to focus on clarification of the process controlling natural seed aging as such knowledge allows clue the eventual consequences of long-term storage.

Bu araştırmada, Kütahya il ve ilçelerinde çerezlik kabak çekirdeği üretimine başlayan üretici arazilerinin toprak özelliklerinin, hasat edilen tohumların özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, Kütahya Tarım ve Orman İl Müdürlüğü’nün çiftçilere çerezlik kabak tohumluğu dağıttığı tarlalardan (44 adet) ekim öncesi toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Toprak analizleri yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlara göre dekara 10 kg azot (N), 30 kg fosfor (P2O5), 11 kg potasyum (K2O) ve eksikliği belirlenen mikro elementleri yeterli seviyeye getirecek miktarda gübre önerilmiştir. Bu araştırma ile hasat edilen kabak tohumlarının verimi, morfolojik özellikleri, yağ ve protein içeriği belirlenmiştir. Araştırma alanındaki toprakların çoğunlukla killi tınlı, kireçli, organik madde içeriğinin orta, N içeriğinin yeterli, P içeriği yetersiz olarak belirlenmiştir. Toprakların mikro element içerikleri ise Fe ve Cu yeterli, Mn ve Zn çok az, B ise yeterli olduğu bulunmuştur. Kabak tohumlarının iç kısmının protein içeriği %22,6 ile 45,8 ve yağ oranı %41,48 ile 54,13 değerleri arasında değişmiştir. Bazı yetiştiricilerin ürettiği çerezlik kabak tanelerinin 100 tohum ağırlıklarının iri kalite sınıfına girdiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırma verileri, büyüme ortamı olan toprak özelliklerinin ve iklim koşullarının kabak çekirdeğinin protein ve yağ içeriğine doğrudan etkisinin çok fazla olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Licorice, also known as the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, has been used for many years in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Licorice root has remarkable pharmacological properties and these biological effects are predominantly attributed to its content of polyphenols and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to determine the proliferative effect of licorice root extract on human osteoblast cells. The study groups were exposed to various concentrations of licorice root extract on 31.25, 62.5, 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL for 24, and 48 h. The proliferative effect of the extract on human osteoblast cells was assessed using the MTT assay. After 24 and 48 h, cell proliferation of groups treated were increased statistically significant compared to the control cells, and also all concentrations showing no cytotoxic effects on osteoblast cells. Phytomedical applications of licorice root may represent a promising approach in the treatment of periodontal regeneration and osteoporosis.

In this study, the effect of brown seaweed (Cystoseira barbata) and cattle manure combinations were investigated as a worm food on the properties of Eisenia fetida worm manure. Seaweed Cystoseira barbata were collected from the coast of Giresun, desalted and dried and then ground. Cattle manure was obtained from cattle breeding dairy and had covered and fermented. Food groups; 0% (control group); 5.45%; 10.90%; 21.81% and 43.63% of the algae were prepared and containing three replicates were given to the worms. The experiment was established in Giresun University Faculty of Science and Letters Biology laboratories according to randomized plot design. The vermicompost groups were analyzed in terms of plant nutrients and mineral levels. The obtained data showed that as the amount of algae increased in the formula and vermicompost groups, the metal levels of Zn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cr, Mn, Mg and Cu decreased and carbon, CaCO3, N, P and K increased. This means that brown seaweed Cystoseira barbata, which grows naturally on our coasts, can be used in the structure of vermicompost.

Global climate change is defined as a process that affects all living things and ecosystems globally and is claimed as the most critical problem of the current century. Turkey, which is shown as one of the most affected countries by this process, is among the “countries at risk.” It is stated that the temperature will increase throughout the country until 2100, and this increase may reach 6 ºC. In order to determine the possible effects of global climate change, it is necessary to predict how the climate structure and basic parameters may change. From this point of view, this study is aimed to determine the change of temperature and precipitation, climate types (according to De Martonne, Lang, and Emberger climate classification) which are the most critical climate parameters until 2050 and 2070 in Düzce, one of the important cities of our country. The current situation and possible changes in 2050 and 2070 have been compared using RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. As a result of the study, the temperature, precipitation, and related climate types would change significantly throughout the province of Düzce, and this change will show itself as a significant temperature increase and change in precipitation regime. In addition, a shift in climate types towards continental climate types is predicted until 2070. In order to avoid the destructive effects of global climate change, it is recommended to take measures on a sectoral basis.

Potato is a high potential food security crop in Ethiopia. Genetic variability is the basis of all crop improvement programs. The study was conducted at Adet in 2018 with the objective of assessing the extent and pattern of genetic variability of potato genotypes for yield and yield related traits. A total of 36 potato genotypes were evaluated for 18 quantitative traits in simple lattice design. The analysis of variance revealed that highly significant difference among the tested potato genotypes for all quantitative traits except stem number per hill. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was ranged from 4.56 to 56.01% (for specific gravity and unmarketable tuber yield ha-1 respectively) and the genotypic coefficient of variation was ranged from 2.32 to 40.66% (specific gravity and late blight severity percentage respectively). Days to attain 50% emergence, leaf area index, number of marketable and total tubers per plant, marketable and total tuber yield ha-1, and late blight severity percentage showed high heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean. Most of the traits had high phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation; and coupled high heritability with high genetic advance as percent of mean. Traits having high heritability and high genetic advance as percent of means is effective for simple selection.

In this study, the effect of different phosphorus doses application on the yield and nutrient uptake of sugar beet plant was investigated under field condition. The study was carried out in Sivas province in 3 replications according to the randomized plot design and Valentina was used as the sugar beet variety. Phosphorus doses were; 0 kg P da-1, 15 kg P da-1, 30 kg P da-1 and applied as triple super phosphate (TSP). Leaf samples were taken approximately 80 days after the planting of sugar beet plant, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) concentrations and yield were determined at harvest. Research results indicated that the yield increased depending on the increasing phosphorus doses and the highest yield was obtained at 30 kg P da-1 dose with 8151.0 kg da-1. In addition, the highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentrations were found at 30 kg P da-1 dose (4.77% N, 0.74% P and 2.39% K, respectively). However, the research found that calcium and magnesium concentrations decreased with increasing phosphorus doses. While only iron concentration among microelements increased with phosphorus applications, zinc, manganese and copper concentrations decreased due to increasing phosphorus doses.

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate yield and nutrient use efficiency in maize in response to various rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in silty clay loam soil of Khumaltar, Nepal during 2019 and 2020. Three factorial randomized complete block designs with 27 treatment combinations were used in experiments, which were repeated three times. Three factors were N levels (150, 180, 210 N kg ha-1), P levels (40, 60, 80 P2O5 kg ha-1), and K levels (40, 60, 80 K2O kg ha-1). The results recommend to revise fertilizer dose since N210 kg ha-1 and K2O 80 kg/ha were optimum for increased maize production with grain yields of 10.95 t ha-1 and 10.54 t ha-1, respectively. Partial factor productivity, partial nutrient budget, internal efficiency, physiological efficiency, recovery efficiency, and agronomic efficiency of NPK for hybrid maize were mostly influenced by nutrient levels. Application of higher rate of P and K fertilizer improved maize N efficiencies, and case was valid for P and K efficiencies. Maize was more responsive to N and K fertilizer and lower rate of P application limited efficient use of applied N and K. To increase overall NUE, we recommend to revise dose of fertilizer for hybrid maize under mid hill condition of Nepal.