The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.

The majority of farm households in Turkey and especially the Eastern Anatolia are still based on low-input semi subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Despite a slow decline in recent years, agriculture and livestock production remains a major employer in Turkey and it is a significant contributor to the country’s gross domestic product, GDP. Whist Turkey is one of the EU candidate countries, is self sufficient in food production and Turkish agriculture is poorly structured inefficient, with farming in the Eastern Anatolia being mainly subsistence farming. Yet, these traditional rural structures combined with poor access to low level of education and low level of off-farm unemployment problem makes the situation more complicated and unsustainable. The best way to promote sustainability, better and higher production of Eastern Anatolian and rural Turkey is to invest in the local people, villages through improved, continuing and effective agricultural and livestock programs in particular. Investment in human capital especially in the rural areas leads to more employment opportunities through entrepreneurship and innovation in organic agriculture and livestock production. A holistic approach to developing and improving supply chains could unlock the potential for sophisticated, state-of-the-art organic agriculture and livestock producers and businesses in the region to become EU and global players. Eastern Anatolian livestock producers and the farmers have the ambitions to take part in future progress because the region is naturally organic not by design but default. It is for sure that present potential of the region has not been fully determined and utilized. EU has greatly benefited from previous enlargements economically, politically and socially. When European Union (EU) and Turkish Government relations considered and accession of Turkey to EU would be the logical consequence of the previous accessions. The screening on chapter 11 (Agriculture and rural development) is one of the important criteria and Turkey is working on to meet these benchmarks.

In this study consumers’ perception of, and purchase intention for genetically modified foods were examined in the city center of Hatay. The data of the 343 surveys were collected by using the face to face interview method. The data were analyzed by means of Likert Scale, and Spearman Correlation Analysis. According to the survey results, consumers’ risk perceptions about genetically modified foods are quite high. Consumers don’t willingly purchase genetically modified foods, and they intend to consume foods grown in traditional methods. High risk perceptions have a determining role on consumers’ views about genetically modified foods and their purchase intention for them. Another outcome from this study is that consumers’ awareness and knowledge levels about genetically modified foods are quite low, and that their perceptions and attitudes are mostly based on biases.

In Colombia, the rice crop under irrigation system ranks first in food security, economic value and employment offer among annual crops, becoming the most important. The objective of this study was to quantify increasing, stability and adaptability of irrigated rice in five departments of the Colombian Caribbean area. Data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for the departments of Cordoba, Bolivar, Magdalena, Cesar and Guajira, during the year period 1987 to 2008 were used. The increasing in yield was determined using the linear regression analysis among years (independent variable) and grain yield (dependent variable) in each department. The yield stability was determined by the coefficient of variation across of three consecutive periods of five years and the last seven years. The yield adaptability was estimated using linear regression coefficient (bi). The results indicate that progress in grain yield in the Colombian Caribbean, ranged from 1.15% to 3.36% per year and 52.2 to 168.1 kg.ha-1, especially in the department of Bolívar (3.36% per year and 168.1 kg.ha-1). The yield stability was generally high (CV<15.56%) and increased with the years. In the five departments, the rice crop showed general adaptability (bi>4.57) for grain yield. | En Colombia, el arroz ocupa el primer lugar en seguridad alimentaria, valor económico y generación de empleo entre los cultivos anuales, siendo el sistema bajo riego más importante. El objetivo fue determinar el progreso, estabilidad y adaptabilidad del rendimiento de arroz bajo riego, en cinco departamentos del caribe colombiano. Se utilizaron datos del Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural, correspondiente a los Departamentos de Córdoba, Bolívar, Magdalena, Cesar y Guajira, durante el periodo 1987-2008. La estimación del progreso del rendimiento se realizó a través del análisis de regresión lineal entre los años (variable explicativa) y el rendimiento de grano (variable explicada). La estabilidad se determinó a través del coeficiente de variación para tres períodos consecutivos de cinco años y el último de siete. La adaptabilidad, se realizó con el coeficiente de regresión lineal (bi). Los resultados destacan que el progreso en el rendimiento de grano en el Caribe colombiano, osciló entre 1.15% y 3.36% por año y 52.2 y 168.1 kg.ha-1, especialmente en el Departamento de Bolívar (3.36% por año y 168.1 kg.ha-1). La estabilidad, resultó en general alta (CV<15.56%) y se incrementó con los años. Los cinco departamentos, presentaron adaptabilidad general (bi>4.57) para el rendimiento de grano.

In the present study, it was aimed to determinate the effects of different substrates on mycelial growth, fructification, yield, sizes and colours of fruit bodies of Hericium isolates (HE-Ankara, HE-Denizli, HE, HE-Trabzon, HE-İzmit, HC, HE-Amerika). Experiments were conducted with 7 different substrates prepared with oak sawdust (MT), wheat bran (BK), cotton seed hulls (PK) and olive press cake (ZP) (80MT:20BK, 90MT:10PK, 80MT:20PK, 70MT:30PK, 90MT:10ZP, 80MT:20ZP, 70MT:30ZP). 1 kg (wet weight) of substrates were packed in polypropylene autoclaveable bags of 25x45 cm and sterilized in autoclave at 121oC during 90 minutes. Sterilized substrate was inoculated and then carried to growing room at 25±2ºC. After full colonization, the bags were exposed to 400 lux for a 12 hours photoperiod at 20±2ºC with a humidity of 80-90% in a cropping room. The best yield and BE were detected from oak sawdust medium supplemented with 20 and 30% cotton seed hulls on HE-Ankara, HE-Denizli, HE, HE-İzmit, HC, HE-Amerika isolates while the best yield and BE were detected from 70MT:30ZP on Trabzon isolate. Significant differences were found among substrates regarding yield, BE, average mushroom weigh, fruit body size and colour of Hericium isolates.

In response to demographic pressures and environmental imperatives, this study focuses on the valorization of Chamaerops humilis L. fruit in the Beni Mellal Khenifra region. The native palm, known as "Doum," holds nutritional and medicinal significance, prompting a detailed exploration. Extracts from its leaves and fruits have been historically used in traditional medicine, showcasing anti-oxidant properties and therapeutic effects on various ailments. This study seeks to optimize Chamaerops humilis L. fruit pulp powder production using the design of experiments (DOE) and physicochemical characterization. A full factorial design approach is applied to systematically optimize the process, focusing on key variables like Temperature and Time. Physicochemical analysis reveals essential details concerning pH (4.205), titratable acidity (1.47), moisture content (10.85%), and ash content (2.9325%). The study identifies optimal conditions, such as temperature = 65&deg;C and time = 6 hours, for maximum yield and desirable properties. Additionally, water absorption (WAI) and solubility indices (WSI) are investigated, revealing the influence of drying and different agitation temperatures. The Pareto diagram underscores the significant impact of these factors, contributing to our understanding of the quality parameters of Chamaerops humilis L. powder. The results offer valuable insights for sustainable practices in utilizing this botanical resource.

Se evaluó la presencia del virus de la leucosis bovina (VLB) en 360 muestras de ADN de ocho razas bovinas criollas: Blanco Orejinegro (BON), Casanareño (CAS), Costeño con Cuernos (CCC), Chino Santandereano (ChS), Caqueteño (CQT), Hartón del Valle (HV), Romosinuano (RS) y San Martinero (SM), dos Razas Sintéticas Colombianas: Lucerna (LUC) y Velásquez (VEL) y dos razas foráneas: Brahmán (B) y Holstein (H). Para la detección del pro-virus se amplificó una región del gen env viral, mediante PCR anidada. La presencia del VLB fue mayor en la raza HV seguido por ChS (83.3% y 60% respectivamente), VEL y LUC tuvieron el mismo porcentaje (50%), en CAS, CCC y CQT la presencia del virus fue de 26.7%, 23.3% y 16.7% respectivamente; no se encontró el virus en BON, SM y RS. En las razas foráneas la presencia fue de 83.3% para H y 6.7% para B. Se encontró dependencia altamente significativa entre la presencia del VLB y la raza, el sexo y región de origen de la muestra. El promedio de presencia en las razas criollas fue menor que en las foráneas, menor en los machos que en las hembras y en la región norte que en el suroccidente y el centro del país. | Using 360 DNA samples from eight Creole bovine breeds Blanco Orejinegro (BON), Casanareño (CAS), Costeño con Cuernos (CCC), Chino Santandereano (ChS), Caqueteño (CQT), Hartón del Valle (HV), Romosinuano (RS) and San Martinero (SM), two synthetic Colombian breeds: Lucerna (LUC) and Velásquez (VEL) and two introduced breeds Brahmán (B) and Holstein (H); the presence of Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) was evaluated through the amplification of a viral gene region env (provirus detection - nested-PCR). The percentage of presence and independence test were calculated (X²). Presence of BLV was higher in HV breed, followed by ChS (83.3% and 60% respectively); VEL and LUC breeds showed the same percentage (50%). In CAS, CCC and CQT the presence of virus was 26.7%, 23.3% y 16.7% respectively. On the other hand, no virus presence was found in BON, SM and RS. For the introduced breeds the presence of virus was 83.3% for H and 6.7% for B. The average of presence for Creole bovine breeds was lower than introduced breeds. A high and significant dependence was found between the presence of BLV with breed, sex and sampling places. The presence was lower in males than in females and in the northern part than the southwestern and central areas of the country.

The genus Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude is important in terms of hosting edible and poisonous species. Therefore, in this study, edible and poisonous Tricholoma species are evaluated, edible and valuable species are introduced. Also, poisoning syndromes are examined and discussed.

Se desarrolló una metodología para el establecimiento in vitro e in vivo de Aniba perutilis (comino crespo), árbol colombiano en peligro crítico de extinción. En la primera etapa, se sometieron semillas de este árbol a la acción de los desinfectantes NaOCl, HgCl2 y AgNO3 para su germinación aséptica. Para inducir la formación de brotes se empleó el medio WPM y se evaluó la acción de las fitohormonas BAP, KIN, AIA, ANA y AG3 en diferentes concentraciones. Para la etapa de enraizamiento se emplearon ANA, AIB, y los medios de cultivo MS y WPM, ambos con sales reducidas a la mitad y combinados con diferentes concentraciones de AIA y ANA. En la etapa de multiplicación in vivo se emplearon plántulas establecidas en vivero para evaluar tres tamaños de explantes, categorizados según la distancia desde la base de la planta hasta el ápice: distal (11-14 cm), medio (7 - 8 cm) y basal (3 - 4 cm), con el fin de obtener plantas madres donantes de yemas axilares y mini esquejes para enraizar. En este trabajo se consolida el uso de NaOCl por 15 min como tratamiento óptimo de desinfección, produciendo un porcentaje de supervivencia superior a 60%. El medio WPM suplementado con BAP 3 mg/lt y 1.5 mg/lt de AG3 generó la producción de un promedio de 0.6 brotes/explante con longitud media de 0.82 cm; no obstante, su baja capacidad de enraizamiento permite catalogar esta especie como recalcitrante al cultivo in vitro. En condiciones in vivo, cortes a la altura media de las plantas (7 - 8 cm) promovieron la formación de 1.33 brotes/explante y 75% de enraizamiento en los mini-esquejes, constituyendo una herramienta clave en la propagación de la especie | A methodology for the in vitro and in vivo establishment of Aniba perutilis, a native colombian tree which is currently critically endangered, was performed. In the first stage seeds were treated using NaOCl, HgCl2, and AgNO3 to achieve aseptic germination. In order to induce shoot formation, WPM medium was used and phytohormones BAP, KIN, IAA, NAA and GA3 were evaluated at different concentrations. In the rooting stage NAA and IBA were used in different concentrations and culture media, as well as half-strength MS and WPM mediums combined with different concentrations of IAA and NAA. For in vivo multiplication stage, juvenile plants previously established in nursery were used to evaluate three types of cuts defined by the distance between the base of the plant and where the cut was done: distal (11-14 cm), middle (7-8 cm) and basal (3-4 cm), in order to obtain ‘donor plants’ able to donate axillary buds and mini-cuttings for future rooting. The use of NaOCl for 15 minutes consolidates as optimal disinfection treatment, yielding a survival rate greater than 60%. The WPM medium supplemented with BAP (3 mg/L) and GA3 (1.5 mg/L) allowed the production of 0.6 shoots/explant with an average length of 0.82 cm. However, the low rooting capacity of the explants suggests that this species could be labeled as recalcitrant to in vitro culture. In vivo conditions, cuts made at the middle height of the plants promoted the formation of 1.33 shoots/explant and 75% rooting in mini-cuttings, becoming these results in a key tool for the propagation of the species

A methodology for the in vitro and in vivo establishment of Aniba perutilis, a native colombian tree which is currently critically endangered, was performed. In the first stage seeds were treated using NaOCl, HgCl2, and AgNO3 to achieve aseptic germination. In order to induce shoot formation, WPM medium was used and phytohormones BAP, KIN, IAA, NAA and GA3 were evaluated at different concentrations. In the rooting stage NAA and IBA were used in different concentrations and culture media, as well as half-strength MS and WPM mediums combined with different concentrations of IAA and NAA. For in vivo multiplication stage, juvenile plants previously established in nursery were used to evaluate three types of cuts defined by the distance between the base of the plant and where the cut was done: distal (11-14 cm), middle (7-8 cm) and basal (3-4 cm), in order to obtain ‘donor plants’ able to donate axillary buds and mini-cuttings for future rooting. The use of NaOCl for 15 minutes consolidates as optimal disinfection treatment, yielding a survival rate greater than 60%. The WPM medium supplemented with BAP (3 mg/L) and GA3 (1.5 mg/L) allowed the production of 0.6 shoots/explant with an average length of 0.82 cm. However, the low rooting capacity of the explants suggests that this species could be labeled as recalcitrant to in vitro culture. In vivo conditions, cuts made at the middle height of the plants promoted the formation of 1.33 shoots/explant and 75% rooting in mini-cuttings, becoming these results in a key tool for the propagation of the species. | Se desarrolló una metodología para el establecimiento in vitro e in vivo de Aniba perutilis Hemsl. (comino crespo), árbol colombiano en peligro crítico de extinción. En la primera etapa, se sometieron semillas de este árbol a la acción de los desinfectantes NaOCl, HgCl2 y AgNO3 para su germinación aséptica. Para inducir la formación de brotes se empleó el medio WPM y se evaluó la acción de las fitohormonas BAP, KIN, AIA, ANA y AG3 en diferentes concentraciones. Para la etapa de enraizamiento se emplearon ANA, AIB, y los medios de cultivo MS y WPM, ambos con sales reducidas a la mitad y combinados con diferentes concentraciones de AIA y ANA. En la etapa de multiplicación in vivo se emplearon plántulas establecidas en vivero para evaluar tres tamaños de explantes, categorizados según la distancia desde la base de la planta hasta el ápice: distal (11-14 cm), medio (7 - 8 cm) y basal (3 - 4 cm), con el fin de obtener plantas madres donantes de yemas axilares y mini esquejes para enraizar. En este trabajo se consolida el uso de NaOCl por 15 min como tratamiento óptimo de desinfección, produciendo un porcentaje de supervivencia superior a 60%. El medio WPM suplementado con BAP 3 mg/lt y 1.5 mg/lt de AG3 generó la producción de un promedio de 0.6 brotes/explante con longitud media de 0.82 cm; no obstante, su baja capacidad de enraizamiento permite catalogar esta especie como recalcitrante al cultivo in vitro. En condiciones in vivo, cortes a la altura media de las plantas (7 - 8 cm) promovieron la formación de 1.33 brotes/explante y 75% de enraizamiento en los mini-esquejes, constituyendo una herramienta clave en la propagación de la especie