Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from the freshwater of the Batlama Creek in Giresun, to measure their resistance levels against to antibiotics. A total of 9 antibiotics disc were applied for the resistance test. Antibiotic resistances of all isolates were at percentages for ampicillin (75%), erythromycin (64%), nalidixic acid (48%), tetracycline (39%), amikacin (34%), cefazolin and chloramphenicol (33%), cefuroxime (32%) and cefotaxime (23%), respectively. The highest resistant strain was resistant against to 9 antibiotics, while the weak resistance of 16 isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics. Moreover, Multiple antibiotic resistance index values were found to be higher than 0.2 for 77% of all isolates. High resistances of examined bacteria against to antibiotics indicated a dense and multisource pollution in the Batlama Creek. Consequently, a need for good surveillance programs to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in surface water bodies.

Heavy metal pollution is a significant environmental problem with negative potential impacts on agriculture and human health. In this study, calluses were obtained by using in vitro germinated hypocotyl explants of pepper seedlings and cell suspensions were prepared from these calluses. The effect of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution added in different concentrations and times to cell suspension cultures of pepper on total protein and total phenolic compound amounts, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activities were analysed. Total protein and total phenolic amounts, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme activities were detected by spectrophotometric methods. When the effects of silver metal on pepper plant were examined, it was determined that silver metal reduced the total protein and phenolic content in the pepper plant cells and especially at higher concentration, in the first 24 hour period, antioxidant enzyme activities increased.

Manuscripts, containing thousands of years of information and experiences about the treatment of diseases of other animal species, mostly horses, are known by different names such as baitarname, esbname, haylname and bazname. These authentic works, which were also established during the Islamic Civilization period, also bear the traces of different civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Ancient India and Ancient Greek. With this study, it was aimed to shed light on the evaluation of these manuscripts which have thousands of years of knowledge in terms of treatment and preventive medicine in organic animal production. The main material of the work is originated of a manuscript work conducted as a doctoral thesis and of information on the subject. In addition, books, theses, researches and compilation studies that can be reached within the scope of the subject and which were studied before were also evaluated. In these study, it is observed that the use of herbal, animal and mineral resources as medicines in the treatment, as well as the applications of phlebotomization and cauterization are among the treatment methods. Increased pharmacological, toxicological and clinical trials on herbal, animal and mineral drugs, which are accepted as a complementary role even if they are not alternative, could be a valuable source of organic animal production for which artificial drug use is prohibited or restricted.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, altlık materyalinin kalitesi, çeşitleri ve bu materyalin etlik piliçlerin refah ve performansı üzerine etkilerini incelemektir. Etlik piliç yetiştiriciliğinde en uygun yetiştirme sistemi yerde yetiştiricilik olduğundan altlık materyali büyük önem kazanmaktadır. Etlik piliç üretiminde sağlanan gelişmeye bağlı olarak altlığa olan talep de artış göstermektedir. Altlık materyali olarak genelde saman, kaba odun yongası ve hızar talaşı yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bunlarla birlikte altlık materyali olarak buğday, arpa, çavdar, yulaf, ayçiçeği, çeltik, fındık, mısır, soya, fıstık, pamuk, şekerkamışı gibi malzemeler saf veya karıştırılarak kullanılmaktadır. Altlığın kalitesini altlığın nemi, pH'si, amonyum nitrat içeriği, kekleşme düzeyi ve su tutma kapasitesi belirlemektedir. İdeal altlığın nem oranı %20–25, pH değeri 8–10 arasında olmalı ve amonyak miktarı ise 25 ppm’i geçmemelidir. Altlık kalınlığı, altlığın türüne göre 2-10 cm arasında değişmekte, parça büyüklüğü de 0.6 cm’yi geçmemelidir. Altlık neminin artması pH düzeyini, NH3 konsantrasyonunu ve kekleşmeyi arttırır. Altlık materyalinin türü etlik piliçlerin performansı, refahı, sağlığı, davranışı ve ürün kalitesi üzerine etkili olmaktadır. Ayrıca bu materyallerin karkas kusurları, ayak-bacak problemleri, göğüste su toplanması, yaşama gücünde düşme, altlık nemi nedeniyle mikroorganizma gelişiminde artış, kümeslerde gaz ve toz oluşumunun artması gibi olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu olumsuz etkiler entansif işletmelerde büyük ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Bu nedenle etlik piliç yetiştiriciliğinde altlık materyalinin kalitesi ve çeşidi çok önemlidir.

Anıt ağaçlar, doğanın mirasıdır. Anıt ağaçlar; “Yaş, çap ve boy itibariyle kendi türünün alışılmış ölçüleri üzerinde boyutlara sahip olan, yöre folklorunda, kültür ve tarihinde özel yeri bulunan, geçmiş ile günümüz, günümüz ile gelecek arasında iletişim sağlayabilecek uzunlukta doğal ömre sahip olan ağaçlardır”. Günümüzde bu ağaçların tescili, korunması ve geleceğe taşınması ile ilgili birçok araştırma yürütülmektedir. Anıt ağaçlarla ilgili ülkelerin farklı planlama ve yönetim stratejileri vardır. Bu çalışmanın amaçları; (1) Türkiye’de ağaçları anıtlaştıran özellikleri sunarak, araştırma örnekleriyle tescilleri hakkında bilgi sunmak, (2) Türkiye’de anıt ağaçların tescili, korunması ve yönetimi ile ilgili öneriler sunmaktır.

Vermicompost products have gained a great importance in plant nutrition over the years. They are reported to have plant growth promoting effects both in horticulture and field crops. The nutritional value and chemical properties of vermicomposts highly depend on the feedstock used in their production. The aim of this study was to evaluate vermicompost manure, derived from the mixture of cattle manure and kitchen scraps, on seed germination and growth of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill.). Four solid vermicompost amendment rates of 0, 10, 20, and 30% were applied in plastic trays. Vermicompost application delayed and reduced seed emergence in all application rates, while in general, vermicompost substitution promoted growth tomato seedlings up to 20% of application rate. The results showed that vermicompost substitutions greater than 20% had adverse effects on seedling emergence and seedling growth parameters, which was attributed to high EC of vermicompost induced by cattle manure. Results suggest that both physical and chemical properties of the feedstock used for vermicompost production should be taken into consideration in order to sustain high vermicompost quality to ensure targeted plant growth for horticultural and agricultural purposes.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of fuel type ( pure diesel, blending 10% of Jatropha oil with diesel (J10%), blending 14% of Jatropha oil with blending (J14%),blending 10% of ethanol with diesel (E10%), blending 14% of ethanol with diesel (E14%), blending 10% of Jatropha oil and 10% of ethanol with diesel (J10%, E10%) and blending 14% of Jatropha oil and 14% of ethanol with diesel (J14%, E14%)), on exhaust gases, engine speed, implement draft and power requirement and fuel consumption. The results showed that, Blending J14%, E14% recorded the highest rate of fuel consumption as 4.60 l/h compared with pure diesel which recorded 3.90 l/h. Pure diesel fuel recorded the lowest engine speed of 2174 rpm, while the fuel blends recorded engine speed in the range of 2529 – 2583 rpm. The fuel blend J14% recorded the lowest ppm of CO and of NO2.The J10%, E14% and J10% with E10% blending’s recorded the lowest SO2 as zero ppm. Pure diesel recorded the highest power requirement of 6.81 kW while J14% recorded the lowest power of 5.32 kW. Ethanol blending’s showed higher power than Jatropha blending by 19.7%. Statistical analysis showed that, the effect of fuel blending on draft and power, gases exhausted, engine speed and fuel consumption were not significant.

The objective of this study was to investigate the nutrient content, phytonutrient composition, physicochemical properties, alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibition activity and antioxidant activity of the brown algae Stoechospermum marginatum collected from Gulf of Mannar, Tamil Nadu, India in pre monsoon season (June- September, 2015). Six and eight hours of ethanol and aqueous extract of Stoechospermum marginatum were used for phytonutrient screening, alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase inhibition activity and antioxidant activity. From the results of the study it is understood that Stoechospermum marginatum contain a high amount of carbohydrate, protein, crude fiber and phytonutrients like tannin, flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, terpenoids, steroid and total phenolic content. The physicochemical properties namely Water absorption and Swelling power were very promising. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibition activity was recorded to be high in both aqueous and ethanol extracts of eight hour extraction than in extracts taken from six hours extraction. Antioxidant activity was detected using DPPH, FRAP, beta carotene scavenging and H2O2 assay and found to have a high radical scavenging activity. Stoechospermum marginatum possess a valuable amount of total phenolic content and other phytonutrients and physicochemical properties, it may the reason for the potential inhibition of alpha amylase, alpha glucosidase and antioxidant activity. It is concluded from the study that the brown algae may be incorporated into foods to enhance their nutritional and therapeutic value.

Alkali grass grows in waterlogged, saline and alaline soils. The main problem in these soils is minerals at toxic level. The toxic ions are chloride, sodium and boron. A number of techniques have been investigated for removing toxic metals from the soil. Today, the cost-effective and environmentally technique is phytoremediation, using hyperaccumulator plants. Alkali grass (Puccinellia ciliata Bor) is suggested as a hyperaccumulator plant by the combination of more favourable characteristics with salt and waterlogging tolerance, high biomass value and convincing nutritive value for adverse environmental conditions. For this reason, we collected alkali grass and soil samples from five different locations in Aydın-Muğla highway, Turanlar and Sınırteke villages in Germencik-Aydın. In the soil analysis, we observed that K accumulation varies between root, shoot and panicle at least whereas Na and B shows more variation on whole plant portions among locations. Intense aerenchyma development on the root tips of Puccinellia plant was observed and it is determined as radial lysogenic aerenchyma formation. Average plant height and dry matter values were between 47.2-74.4 cm and 15.61-80.85 g/plant according to locations. The highest plant height value was obtained from the first location whereas the highest dry matter yield was detected in the fifth location. In conclusion, plants from fifth location can be regarded as fodder plants in these areas. Our results indicated that alkali grass can be effective for phytoextraction of sodium and boron from contaminated sites.

In ecological studies, soil-plant interaction is an important environmental factor. Soil chemical and physical properties affect plant richness and diversity. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between soil physical and chemical properties, and plant diversity indexes (Shannon-Weiner and Simpson) in semiarid grassland. Plant diversity indexes and soil properties were determined using 34 quadrats (5x5m) on different parent materials (chrome, marble, serpentine, red chalk and red chalk mostra) in semiarid grasslands in the Central Anatolia Region in Turkey. Plant samples were collected and recorded periodically from April to September (the vegetation period) in 2014 for each quadrat. In order to determine the plant richness and diversity indexes, 3 sub-quadrats (1x1m) were randomly added into each of 34 (5x5 m) quadrats. To evaluate the relationship between plant diversity indexes and soil properties, composite soil samples were collected from the four corners, and the center of each quadrat 0-30 cm in depth, and which was mixing of those subsamples. Soil sand-silt-clay contents, soil reaction (pH), bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), CaCO3 and soil organic matter (SOM) contents were measured. Relationship between plant diversity indexes measured in different months during vegetation period and soil properties of different parent material was statistically analysed using correlation analysis in SPSS 20.0. Modest correlation coefficient was found between the Simpson diversity index and SOM content, sand-silt-clay content, pH and EC for different months in vegetation period.