Animal wastes are not stored correctly and are used haphazardly without control in agricultural lands. As a result, it causes many irreparable environmental pollution, especially water pollution. These wastes, which are described as diffuse pollution, cause pollution of both underground and surface water resources directly or indirectly and even make them unusable. In this research, waste generation as a result of animal breeding in Karaman province, its districts, neighborhoods and villages and the effects of animal wastes on environmental pollution were evaluated with distributed pollutant load calculations. In the study, the number of 1019277 ovine and 81368 bovine in Karaman in 2022 was used. The total nitrogen (TN) produced annually by the animals has been calculated as 1,723.23 tons/year, and the total phosphorus (TP) amount is determined as 124.23 tons/year. Additionally, for large ruminant animals, the annual total amount of dry manure is 130,305.77 tons, and for small ruminant animals, it is 41,984.27 tons. To prevent environmental pollution, these wastes should be stored in closed areas in compliance with standards, and processes such as composting, drying, and biogas production should be applied. By doing so, not only can environmental pollution be mitigated but also economic value can be obtained. The proper management and utilization of these wastes have high economic potential and can contribute to sustainable development, supporting the country’s economy. In addition, this study is a source for researchers working in the field in calculating the pollution load of animal wastes and is thought to be a guide for decision makers and practitioners.

Yabani mantarlardan zehirlenme riski korkusu insanları kültüre alınabilen mantar türleri üretimini artırmaktadır. Bu mantar türleri içerisinde yer alan istiridye mantarı üretimindeki bazı avantajlar nedeniyle son yıllarda tercih edilir olmuştur. Mantar üretiminin artmasında üretim ortamlarında bölgesel çeşitliliğin sağlanması çok önemlidir. Bu çalışmada Van ve çevresine mantar üretimini yaygınlaştırmak ve bölge üreticilerinin kolay temin edebilecekleri saman ve atıl durumda olan demlenmiş çay atıklarında üretimin etkinliğini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Buğday samanı, demleme çay atığı ve hazır mantar üretim kitleriyle kurulan çalışma tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak tasarlanmıştır. Elde edilen mantarlarda, ilk hasat, karpofor ağırlığı, toplam verim, karpofor ölçüleri, makro ve mikro elementler parametrelerine bakılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada çay ortamında üretilen mantar verilerinin, mantar üretimi yapan firmalardan alınan hazır kitlerden alınan mantar verilerine daha yakın sonuç alındığı görülmüştür.

Throughout history, there has been a reciprocal relationship between humans and space. Even though there are numerous spaces covered by this ongoing relationship process, it has integrated and gained value with educational venues. Mainly because they closely monitor social, cultural, technological, and economic developments and pass on knowledge to future generations, educational spaces play a crucial role in the development of individuals as well as society. It is feasible to conclude from research on educational spaces that the physical environment has a major positive or negative impact on education. To solve the issue that the current Faculty of Fine Arts at Selçuk University could not sufficiently respond to user needs physically, it was decided to construct a new Faculty of Fine Arts building. The primary goal of the study is to design the building using user-oriented techniques that promote social interaction and showcase artistic identity throughout the design phase. A qualitative research approach, based on inspection and observations, was used in the study to gather data, documents, and reports on the topic and to ensure that the architectural programming stages advanced correctly and received ongoing feedback. Studies have confirmed the results, which show that artistic education in structures that provide users with distinct experiences is different from that provided in faculty buildings with a type plan scheme. The process, which involves collaboration between stakeholders from various disciplines and necessitates coordination, is also maintained in a coordinated fashion as a consequence of the study. Because of this, it is believed that buildings with comparable features can offer direction by offering a set of data that may also be reliable for design procedures that are prearranged.

Foods for special medical purposes are specially produced or formulated with the intention of regulating children's diets for specific nutrition applications, and used under medical surveillance. These food should not offer a microbiological risk to human health as well as their compositions. The purpose of this study was the microbiological evaluation of foods for special medical purposes used in children’s diet. For this evaluation, eleven imported foods for special medical purposes that were sold in Ankara-Turkey were analyzed in terms of Salmonella spp., coagulase positive staphylococci, staphylococcal enterotoxin, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157, Enterobacteriaceae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus. The bacterial examinations were done according to each related EN ISO standart methods. In result of the examination, the microbial growth was not observed on the food samples. In conclusion, the samples investigated have no microbiological risk. Also, consumers should examine their expiration dates during purchase because the expiration dates declared on the foods have showed their microbiological stability.

Drying is the simultaneous transfer of heat and mass, which is defined as the reduction of moisture in food. The aim of the study the drying performances of refractance window drying (95°C), fluidized bed drying (95°C, 2m3/m air velocity), and convective drying (95°C) were examined in the drying of Maraş green pepper (C.annuum). Drying performance was evaluated for effective diffusion coefficient (Deff), activation energy (Ea), Chroma (C) and total color change (ΔE). Drying curves were obtained by recording sample weights in 10-min periods. For the refractance window drying, fluidized bed drying and convective drying the time for the samples to reach 6-7% humidity level according to the wet base was found to be 70, 80 and 110min, and the effective diffusion coefficient was 6.49x10-10, 5.68x10-10 and 4.87x10-10 m2/s the activation energy was 53.54, 54.65 and 55.93kJ/mol, respectively. When the color properties are examined the Chroma value was determined as 18.23, 8.85 and 4.80 and the total color as 15.42, 26.29 and 30.33, respectively. It was seen that the closest value to the fresh product was in the samples dried with a refractance window drying. In the study, it was concluded that the use of a refractance window drying shortened the drying time by 14-36%, increased the effective diffusion coefficient, provided drying with lower activation energy, and better preserved the color quality in the production of dried Maraş green pepper.

Due to the increase in food-borne diseases, especially in recent years, consumers' orientation to healthy products and their emphasis on consumption force producers to environmentally friendly products. Nitrogen is the most widely used plant nutrient in the world. Nitrogen, a very expensive input due to its excessive use, pollutes the environment and causes nitrate accumulation in plants. Therefore, vegetable growers strive to replace chemical fertilizers such as nitrogen with environmentally friendly and cost-effective sources. PGPRs stand out in this regard and at the same time, their potential in environmentally and consumer-friendly vegetable production needs to be revealed. In this study, the importance and potential role of N2-fixing PGPR are discussed for the improvement of yield and yield components in environment-friendly vegetable production for healthy human nutrition.

The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), poses a significant threat to agriculture worldwide. This study examines the potential insecticidal effects of essential oils from Mentha arvensis and Cinnamomum zeylanicum on controlling C. capitata under laboratory conditions. Even at low concentrations, toxicity assays indicated that both essential oils significantly increased the mortality of adult Medflies. The concentration-dependent effect of these oils on C. capitata mortality is demonstrated, with Mentha arvensis achieving 100% mortality within 48 hours at 1% concentration and Cinnamomum zeylanicum exhibiting rapid efficacy, reaching a low LC50 value after only 1 hour of application. The concentration and application time of essential oils were found to have a significant impact on their effectivness. This study highlights the potential of essential oils for controlling C. capitata populations. Essential oils offer a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for managing C. capitata but further studies are necessary for their successful incorporation into integrated pest management programs.

The “Basic Design” is one of the common introductory courses in design disciplines. It has great importance in interior architecture education as it forms the basis of design practice. Education that proceeds through abstract concepts creates difficulties for students to internalize this course. To avoid these difficulties, learning by doing is of great importance. The learning-by-doing approach was carried out in the form of a workshop within the scope of the “Basic Design 1” course of the Department of Interior Architecture at Konya Technical University in the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year. Students were asked to produce three-dimensional designs using basic design principles and elements. The class was divided into groups of eight people and studies were carried out with a workshop coordinator in each group. The duration of the workshop was planned as four weeks. During the workshop, students learned to use materials and colors, to design an original composition. At the end of the workshop, students learned to embody the abstract concepts they learned during the year by creating a composition that considers functionality and aesthetics. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the workshop, a survey study was carried out after the course period ended. As a result, it has been seen that the intelligibility of Basic Design 1, which is a course taught through abstract concepts, has increased thanks to the workshop.

This study aimed to determine the structural relationship between internal and external egg quality (IEEQ) traits. In this study, 114 eggs produced from 24 weeks-old laying hens reared at the Ondokuz Mayis University Research Farm were used. Egg weight (EW), egg width (EWi), egg length (EL) and shell weight (SW) measurements were examined as external quality traits. Also, albumen height (AH), albumen width (AW), yolk height (YH), yolk weight (YW) and yolk diameter (YD) parameters were used as internal quality traits. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to determine the relationships between IEEQ traits. Data analysis was performed with the LISREL package. It has been determined that the variables that are important in determining the external egg quality are SW, EWi and EL. When the variables explaining the internal traits were examined, it was determined that the YW, YD, AW, AH and YH were significant. It was determined that the relationship between external egg quality and internal quality was 0.96 and external quality explained the internal quality by 91%. It has been determined that the SEM used in this study is sufficient to explain the relationship between internal and external quality.