Honey samples were obtained from wild and domesticated sources and analyzed for some physicochemical properties such as color, pH, moisture content, ash content, refractive index, specific gravity, total solid, viscosity, glucose and fructose content following Standard Association of Official Analytical Chemistry. The following range of values for pH (3.55-4.20), moisture content (18.50-25.60%), soluble solids (74.10-81.20%), ash content (0.08-0.14%), specific gravity (1.38-1.47), refractive index (81.3-83.4%), fructose content (40.5-63.04%) and glucose content (19.35-32.34%). The mineral composition analyzed revealed potassium to be the dominant mineral in the honey samples followed by Calcium. However, Cadmium and lead where not detected in the honey samples. The results indicated that parameters such as pH, moisture content, ash content, specific gravity, sugar (majorly fructose and glucose content), fructose/glucose ratio, glucose/water ratio conform within the limit of the international standard for honey. However, moisture contents of the wild honey samples (22.05% and 25.60%) were a little higher than the Codex Standards of ≤ 21%. In conclusion, the honey samples investigated have the needed quality criteria and are good for human consumption. The results also revealed excellent organoleptic acceptability of the honey samples, hence are suitable for human uses.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a green technology that have been used to treat several types of wastewater such as domestic, industrial, agricultural wastewaters and landfill leachate. CWs have several advantages included land intensive, low energy, easy operation and maintenance, low investment/operational costs, landscape esthetics, reuse of waters, and increased wildlife habitat compared to conventional systems. CWs are alternative treatment technologies due to these properties especially for rural settlements, industries, and hotels that are remote locations from central treatment plants. Physical, chemical, and biological treatment mechanisms can employ together in CWs. In the present study, two parallel full scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands were designed to treat domestic wastewater of Kızılcaören village in Samsun, Turkey. Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana were selected and the removal performance of each species were evaluated. During 7 months operation, the mean removal efficiencies of Juncus acutus and Cortaderia selloana were found as 33% and 32% for Mg2+; 62% and 55% for Fe2+; 64% and 56% for Fe3+; 46% and 37% for Cl2; 48% and 39% for total Cl2; 26% and 37% for Ca2+; 28% and 23% for SAA, respectively. Also, the Two-way ANOVA between groups was applied to determine any difference for the removal of all parameters between the plant types and months on the mean values of pollutants removal.

Total catches of fish from the wild reached a plateau in the early 1990s. Capture fishery production for both food and non-food utilization has levelled off. There is need for aquaculture expansion and improved output. The aim of this study was to determine the most productive facility for production of Heterobranchus bidorsalis. H. bidorsalis is the most important species from the genus Heterobranchus. It is endemic to Africa. Seven hundred H. bidorsalis fingerlings were acclimatized for 7 days, 200 fingerlings were randomly selected and stocked in: Earthen ponds, Concrete tanks, and Plastic tanks labelled as T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Each treatment had two replicates, 100 fingerlings in each. The culture facilities were constructed to have water volume which was not significantly different. The earthen ponds, concrete and plastic tanks water volume was maintained at 2,320 litres, 2,304 litres, and 2,331 litres respectively. Fingerlings were fed with 2mm Coppens of 45% crude protein at 5% biomass. Feeding was carried out at 9:00 and 16:00 hours for 56 days. All treatments were given equal care. Final Standard Length, Final Total Length, Total Length Gain, Final weight Gain and Weight Gain recorded were: 13.04±0.57, 13.44±0.75, 32±0.96, 4.45±1.34, 30.36±1.13 and 23.34±2.4 respectively. Growth was significantly higher in T1. In concrete and plastic tanks, observed growth parameters recorded had the following values: 11.75±0.82 and 11.21±0.83, 12.31±0.85 and 11.95±0.89, 3.2±0.96 and 2.84±0.85, 22.24±2.78 and 21.24±5.84, and 14.85±1.7 and 14.99±1.02 for Final Standard Length, Final Total Length, Total Length Gain, Final Weight and Weight Gain respectively. There was no significance difference in growth between T2 and T3. The study did not discourage the use of concrete tanks and plastic tanks for H. bidorsalis culture, but considered earthen ponds as most ideal culture facility for yields optimization in H. bidorsalis.

Chloropropanols are known as undesired food contaminants liberated during the processing of various food products. When the adverse effects of chloropropanols, especially 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD) and glycidols along with their esters were first understood, the studies about the detection and mitigation of these compounds were accelerated. 3-MCPD, which was detected in food products in higher amounts when compared to other chloropropanols, usually occurs during refining process of vegetable oils, especially in deodorisation step. The novel methods in terms of the analysis of 3-MCPD and other chloropropanols are continuously updated. However, there are two basic methods today namely direct and indirect methods. Direct methods enable to detect all of the esters individually, yet, due to the necessity of a huge number of reference standards, indirect methods are currently more preferred. The first essential step of reducing chloropropanols in food products is to determine the proper analysis method. In this review, general information, new developments in analysis methods, mitigation studies and the toxigolocial data about various chloropropanols were summarized.

Pomegranate is one of the most important horticultural crops in Iran, and has been cultivated for thousands of years in this country. At this period due to selection of superior cultivars from nature or mutation emerged in these cultivars, and their vegetative propagation, substantial genetic variation has occurred within and among the cultivars. Thus, each cultivar may consist of different clones. According to this issue, diversity within four commercial cultivars of pomegranate was analyzed. Two molecular marker systems including ISSR and SSR were used to evaluate variability between 36 samples of four commercial cultivars. ISSR markers produced 114 amplification products, out of which 97 were polymorphic (83.23%). Mean resolving power was 2.96 for ISSR markers. 19 SSR molecular markers were used, 15 of which amplified polymorphic products, while the remaining ones monomorphic., The number of polymorphic alleles per locus ranged from two to four (average 3.6). The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.04 to 0.92 and 0.14 to 0.62, respectively. In addition, mean polymorphic information content was 0.45 for SSR loci. Our results showed that commercial Iranian pomegranate have different clones. Therefore, ISSR and SSR markers can be a useful tools for detecting clones of each cultivar.

Bu çalışmada, Sivas kent merkezinde tavukçuluk ürünleri tüketim değerlerini ve bunun üzerine etki eden faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla 461 aile ile yüz yüze anket uygulaması yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların %85,5’i aktif yaş grubu olarak kabul edilen 18-54 yaş aralığında yer almaktadır. Lise ve Yüksekokul mezunlarının toplamı %68,7 olarak bulunmuştur. Aylık gıda gideri bakımından gelir grupları arasında gözlenen farklılık önemli, ortalama aylık gıda gideri 595,44 TL olarak hesaplanmıştır. Aylık gıda giderleri içerisinde tavukçuluk ürünlerin oranı bakımından da gelir grupları arasında önemli farklılıklar belirlenmiş olup, katılımcıların ortalaması %10,49 olarak belirlenmiştir. Aylık hane halkı yumurta tüketim değerleri bakımından gelir gruplarında gözlenen farklılık önemli, hane halkı aylık ortalama yumurta tüketimi 34,47 Adet/Ay, kişi başına yıllık yumurta tüketimi 123,40 Adet/Yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır. Aylık hane halkı tavuk eti tüketim değerleri bakımından gelir grupları arasında gözlenen farklılık önemli bulunmuş, aylık hane halkı tavuk eti tüketimi ortalama 4,13 Kg/Ay olmasına karşılık, kişi başı yıllık tavuk eti tüketim değeri ortalama olarak 14,89 Kg/Yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. Tavuk eti tüketimi üzerine Aile gelir seviyesi, Aile birey sayısı ve meslek grupları etkili olurken, yumurta tüketimi üzerine bu faktörler ile birlikte eğitim düzeyleri de etkili olmuştur.

Bu çalışmada Sinop ilinde perakende balık satış yerlerinde satışa sunulan akuakültür ürünlerinin aylık fiyat değişimlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İşletmeler tabakalı amaçlı örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. İşletmeler aylık satış cirolarına göre I (en çok), II (orta) ve III (en az) olarak gruplandırılmıştır. Her grubu iki farklı iş yeri temsil etmektedir. Araştırma süresince ayda iki kez günün aynı saatinde türlere ait fiyatlar elde edilmiş, veriler aylık ortalama±sd olarak hesaplanmıştır. İşletme grupları arasındaki fark tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ile türler arasındaki fiyat ilişki düzeyleri korrelasyon analizi ile IBM SPSS 21 programında değerlendirilmiştir. İşletmelerde kültür balıkları ürünlerinden çipura (Sparus aurata), levrek (Dicentrarhus labrax), gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhyncus mykiss) (porsiyonluk ve kiloluk) ve somon balığı (Salmo salar) (ithal) türlerinin satışının yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Av yasaklarının olduğu dönemde (Nisan-Ağustos) satışa sunulduğu, yasağın kalktığı Eylül ayından itibaren çoğunlukla avcılık ürünlerinin en az olduğu günlerde satışa sunulduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tüm türlerde örnekleme istasyonları arasındaki fiyat farkının önemli olmadığı, ortalama fiyatların 2008-2013 yılı ortalama fiyatlarına göre yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, alabalık ile somon arasında negatif-kuvvetli bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir.

Pleurotus pulmonarius was cultivated in three different environmental conditions, in ambient indoor environment (System 1), in humidifying without ventilation (System 2) and in humidifying with ventilation (System 3) to analyse the major nutritional contents. Sawdust was the main substrate for all the cultivation systems. The lowest temperature and the highest optimal humidity were found in System 3. The temperature and humidity had shown statistically significant among the three cultivation Systems. The highest numbers of flushes was found both in System 2 and System 3 but System 1 was produced mushrooms till 3rd flush. About 29.5%, 28.3%, 28.5% protein; 59.0%, 55.8%, 54.3% carbohydrate and 3.8%, 3.5%, 3.3% lipid were found in System 1, System 2 and System 3 respectively. The protein, carbohydrate, and lipid contents were shown statistically insignificant among the cultivation systems. The highest value of protein, carbohydrate and lipid were found for the sample of 1st flush in all the cultivation systems but the values were started to decrease with the increased numbers of flushes significantly. So, this study shown that, although the environmental conditions of the three cultivation systems were varied significantly but the protein, carbohydrate and lipid contents were existed their normal values in all cases but the values were decreased by the increased numbers of flushes.

Ethiopian agriculture is a vulnerable sector from effects of climate variability. This study identified how strong is the effect of climate variability on smallholders’ crop income in Central highlands and Arssi grain plough farming systems of the country. The unbalanced panel data (1994-2014) of the study collected for eight rounds analysed through fixed effect regression. The model result shows that successive increment of crop season rainfall keeping the temperature constant has negative and significant effect on households’ crop income in the study area. The crop income responds similarly for temperature increment if the rainfall remains constant. Given this, simultaneous increment of the two climate related inputs has positive and significant effect on crop income. Other variables like flood, frost, storm, and rainfall inconsistency in the onset and cessation time affected households’ crop income negatively and significantly. Similarly, draught power and human labour, which are critical inputs in the crop production of Ethiopian smallholders, have positive and significant effect on crop income as to the model result. Thus, this study recommended that there should be supplementing the rainfall through irrigation, check dam and other activities to have consistent water supply for the crop production that enable smallholders to collect better income. Additionally, negative effect of temperature increment should be curved through adopting long lasting strategies like afforestation.

Bu çalışmada; Trakya Bölgesi iç sularından (Bahçedere Çayı, Tekirdağ, Türkiye) izole edilen, moleküler taksonomi yöntemleri ile tanımlaması yapılan KF470792 Kabul No’lu Desmodesmus communis (E. Hegewald) E. Hegewald (Sphaeropleales) mikroalg türü için kültür ortamı ve büyüme şartları belirlenmiştir. Bu mikroalg türü, belirlenen şartlar altında (besin, pH, sıcaklık, ışık yoğunluğu ve havalandırma) kültüre edilmiş ve durgunluk fazına ulaşan kültürden besinsel ve biyokimyasal analizler için yeterli miktardaki biyokütle hasat edilerek; toplam protein, toplam yağ miktarları ile yağ asitleri ve aminoasitleri, E vitaminleri çeşit ve miktarları belirlenmiştir. Türün BG11 besin ortamında (7,5 pH, 24±2ºC, 500 ml/dak. havalandırma) 9,76x105 koloni/ml hücre yoğunluğuna, 0,762 g/l kuru biyokütle ağırlığına, 13,3 mg/l toplam klorofil a miktarına ulaştığı belirlenmiştir. Biyokütle üzerine yapılan biyokimyasal analizler sonucunda; ağırlıkça %42,59 toplam protein, %5,23 toplam yağ ve 3694,24 µg/gyağ vitamin E miktarına sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Yağ asitleri içinde en yüksek oranın %35,18 ile linolenik asit olduğu saptanmıştır. Aminoasitler içinde en yüksek miktarda bulunan glutamik asit, 46,9 mg/g olarak belirlenmiştir.