This study was conducted to determine the effects of electrical stunning including different currents (AC/pDC) and waves types (square, triangle and chirp) applied to unconscious to broiler chickens before slaughtering on carcass defects and breast meat quality characteristics. In this study were used 39-d-old (Ross 308) broiler chickens, from the same flock raised commercially under similar environmental and mean weight 2350 g. Six treatment groups were set up with 10 birds (5♀:5♂) each. A total of 60 broiler chickens were stunned with electricity at water bath for 5 s using AC and pDC currents at 200 Hz frequency and 120 mA/bird. After slaughtering, the amount of blood loss, vein hemorrhages in the carcasses, spot stains and fractures in the wing bones were detected in the chicks. In addition, pH and color values and water loss of breast meat were also examined. Electric current application did not cause any significant carcass defect in chickens. It was determined that triangular and chirp wave types caused more blood loss than square wave in chickens. The lowest water loss in breast meat was realized in the chirp wave type while pH15 value in the breast meat of chicks applied AC was found higher. It was determined that triangular and square waves in water baths and chirp wave type in individual applications were resulted in having more positive effects on the properties investigated.

In this study were investigated that resistance to salinity, heavy metals, drought and calcerous stress in Savrun (Spinacea oleracea L.) spinach. For this aim, 5-6 leafed seedlings were exposed to NaCl (75, 150 and 225 mM); heavy metals (Fe, Ni and Zn 0.2 mg/L), drought (50%) and 0.2% CaCO3 applications for four weeks half-weekly which plants grown under controlled conditions. Depends on result chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total cclorophyll, carotenoids, β-caroten and lycopen increased in drought and CaCO3 treatments. Total soluble protein and GuPX activity were found higher in all stress treatments, proline content increased in NiCl2, 75 ve 150 mM NaCl treatments. While APX activity was higher in 75 mM NaCl and ZnCl2; CAT was higher in 150 mM NaCl and others stres treatments except drought. SOD activity were noted higher in drought, CaCO3 and 225 mM NaCl stresses groups. MDA content was lower in all treatments except FeCl3 and, H2O2 were lower in 225 mM NaCl and drought while it was higher in others. As a result, it was found that tolerance of Savrun spinach is higher to CaCO3 and drought but sensitivity of it is higher to 225 mM NaCl, ZnCl2 and FeCl3. Also it was determined that Savrun genotype is moderate tolerance to NiCl2 and 75 Mm NaCl. However parameters of tolerance to stress that treated on spinach seedling showed variability in Savrun spinach.

Shiga-like toxin producing Escherichia coli is still an important public issue which causes extremely dangerous health problems. This study was planned in order to examine the inhibitory effect of Modified Atmosphere Packaging application on E. coli O157 and O157: H7. The purposes of the present study were to detect E. coli O157 and O157: H7 strains from ground and cubed beef. A total of 100 MAP cattle meat products (50 minced meat, 50 meat cubes) were collected from the markets and butchers in Samsun province between May and October 2013. According to results, 1(1/50-2%) E. coli O157 and 1(1/50-2%) E. coli O157: H7 strains isolated from 50 ground beef samples, while 1 (1/50-2%) E. coli O157 strain was identified from 50 cubed beef samples. It was determined that E. coli O157 isolate obtained from the MAP ground beef carried stx1, stx2 genes; E. coli O157: H7 isolate carried stx1, stx2, eaeA and hylA genes while E. coli O157 isolate obtained from the MAP cubed meat only carried the stx2 gene. In antibiogram test, both E. coli O157 isolates were resistant to streptomycin and one E. coli O157: H7 isolate was resistant to streptomycin, cephalothin and tetracycline. As a consequence; in order to protect public health, products should be kept in proper hygienic and technical conditions during sale and storage and use of uncontrolled antibiotics should be avoided.

This study was carried out to elucidate the impacts of zinc (Zn) treatments on growth, development, quality and yield of commonly sown bread wheat cultivars under field conditions of Çukurova Region. Three different bread wheat cultivars (Adana-99, Ceyhan-99 and Pandas) were experimented in randomized complete blocks-split plots experimental design with 3 replications. Field experiments were performed by two different Zn application methods; via soil and via soil+foliage. In the both trials, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg ha-1 pure Zn doses were applied to the soil. 0.4% ZnSO4.7H2O solution was used for foliar Zn applications. Current findings revealed that Zn treatments had significant effects on grain yield, grain Zn concentration, grain phosphorus (P) concentration and thousand grain weight of bread wheat cultivars, but significant effects were not observed on grain protein concentrations. Soil+foliar Zn treatments were more effective in improving grain Zn concentrations. It was concluded that 10- 20 kg ha-1 Zn treatment was quite effective on grain Zn concentrations.

In this study, the fruit quality traits of varietys of Klemantin, Fremont, Nova and Robinson was determined at Centre Application and Research Subtropical Fruit of Çukurova University in three different periods. The width (mm), length (mm), weight (g), rind thickness, number of carpel, numbers of seed, total soluble solid (TSS, %), titretable acidity (TA, %), TSS/TA ratio, fruit weight, fruit index and amount of fruit juice content (%) were measured. In addition, in this study, information about maturation period of these cultivars was obtained. Regarding to the results, Nova was determined to be the biggest fruit size, Fremont was determined to be the smallest fruit size and the most flattened fruit among the mandarins. It was determined that Klemantin mandarin was matured between September and November, Nova and Robinson mandarin species were matured in November, and Fremont mandarin species was found to matures in December

In this study, material that we call mulch textile was investigated as compared with conventional polyethylene mulch nylon and mechanical and chemical control that are widely used in farmer’s conditions to weed control in newly established citrus orchards. Two different thickness of polyethylene mulch, three different thickness of mulch textiles, mowing and herbicide (glyphosate) applications were made in newly established mandarin orchard in a three-year-period (2004-2005-2006). Effects of the applications on density and coverage of weeds and height, stem thickness and leaf area of cultural plants were investigated. According to general evaluation of results of the study, mowing 23.4%, chemical control 88.4%, polyethylene mulch 99.6%, mulch textiles 100% controlled weeds than weedy control. At the most increase of height, stem thickness and leaf area of mandarin was obtained from herbicide and mulch treatments. It was determined that soil temperature and moisture are preserved by mulch applications.

Araştırmada farklı sulama seviyeleri ve biyoaktivatör (ComCat) uygulamalarının ‘Rubygem’ çilek çeşidinde meyve kalite kriterleri üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada dört farklı sulama seviyesi incelenmiş olup, A sınıfı buharlaşma kabından ölçülen buharlaşma miktarının tamamı olan IR100 konusu, uygulanacak suyun yarısının verileceği konu IR50, %75’inin verileceği konu IR75 ve %125’inin verileceği konu IR125 olarak adlandırılmıştır. İlave olarak biyoaktivatör uygulamaları bitki dikiminden yaklaşık iki ay sonra 3’er hafta arayla 4 kez yapılmıştır. Biyoaktivatörün incelenen parametreler üzerine tek başına etkisi önemsiz bulunmuştur. Sulama düzeylerindeki azalmayla meyvelerde özellikle tadı etkileyen SÇKM ve şeker/asit oranının önemli düzeyde arttığı görülmüştür. En yüksek SÇKM ve şeker/asit oranı %9,42 ve 21,7 değerleri ile IR50 konusundan elde edilmiştir. Buna karşın IR100 konusu dışındaki bütün uygulamalarda meyve ağırlığında önemli düzeyde azalmalar belirlenmiştir. Her ne kadar kısıtlı sulama meyve ağırlığında azalmaya neden olsa da son zamanlarda tüketicilerin yeme kalitesine verdikleri önem nedeniyle söz konusu rejimde meyvelerde artan şeker içeriği ile şeker/asit düzeyi çilek yetiştiricileri için önemli bir strateji olabilecektir. Bununla birlikte meyve ağırlığında azalmaya neden olmayan tam sulamanın biyoaktivatör ile birlikte uygulanmasıyla meyve tadının arttırılabileceği de belirlenmiştir.

Ecological processes that occur in a lake depend on the physico-chemical (abiotic) and biotic factors of the system and the interrelations between them. It can be concluded that the current nutrient loadings from both point and non-point sources are cause to increase eutrophic case over the years. This study indicate that the sustainable utilization of reservoir in combination with proper wastewater treatment plant and controlled use of pesticides has a potential to reduce the current nutrient loadings into Suat Uğurlu Lake. The estimated nutrient reductions that could be achieved from the management scenario would be enough to revert the lake from mesotrophic situation to trophic state. The reduction of nutrient loadings into Suat Uğurlu Lake could be achieved through the practice of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), through good management. However, as long as pertinent issues of urban poverty, watershed management and public awareness and involvement in water related issues are not addressed, trophic in Suat Uğurlu Lake will remain a problem.

This study was conducted to determine the water-sediment quality and trophic status changes of Cernek Lake located in the Kızılırmak Delta (one of the most important wetlands in Turkey) and protected as a Ramsar site. The main objective, was evaluated and examined the effects on trophic level of surface water that the layers of lake sediments can create. In the study, the periodic exchange on trophic level have been evaluated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by identifying existing water of lake and sediment quality of lake. Spatial analysis was realized for water and sediment quality parameters (pH, salinity, Secchi disc depth and chlorophyll-a, total phosphate and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations). The results of field studies conducted at Cernek Lake for three seasons (2010-2011) showed that the sediments contain high phosphate (annual average 541 mg / kg PO4-P, dry weight) and high organic carbon content (annual average 22.4 G / kg TOC, Dry weight). During the summer, Carlson Index values relatively declined during this period compared to autumn (81 to 79), but the eutrophic structure of the lake is still found to be high character. Findings, showed that the contaminated lake sediment layer would be highly effective in trophic level of the lake therefore it has revealed the necessity of taking measures for eutrophication. According to the results of study, taking the medium and long term measures to eutrophication and implementation of the strategic action plan is required.

Thirty castrated rams of Sudanese Desert sheep breed, Hammari ecotype at 1.5-2 years were divided into five groups each with six animals. The animals were weighed prior commencement of the trial (30+ 0.500 kg) and once every week for ninety days. They were vaccinated against diseases endemic to the study area, drenched with a broad spectrum anthelementic and ear-tagged to facilitate identification during treatments. The rams were individually penned provided with drinking and feeding troughs. Rumen liquor was taken for in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility. During the trial period, animals were diagnosed by palpation for phytobezoars. At the end of the experiment rams were slaughtered, the site of formation of ball-shaped bodies determined, size and weight were also determined. Data was analyzed via analysis of variance. The results indicated increased feed intake for the group that was on a ration free of Merremia emarginata and those consumed rations with the plant biomass at vegetative growth and at flowering stages. At early and late maturity stages, feed intake decreased and phytobezoars were formed. The bezoars differed in weight and size, where larger and heavier ones were retained from the rumen, medium irregular ones from omasum and small bezoars from the reticulum. It was concluded that M emarginata biomass could initiate phytobezoars' formation at seed formation stage or when it reached late maturity stage. Palpation showed presence of bezoars after continuous ingestion of feed containing the plant biomass. It was recommended that more studies be conducted to determine the minimal amount of the biomass under study to initiate phytobezoars' formation.