The optimization machinery model was developed to aid decision-makers and farm machinery managers in determining the optimal number of tractors, scheduling the agricultural operation and minimizing machinery total costs. For purpose of model verification, validation and application input data was collected from primary & secondary sources from Elsuki agricultural scheme for two seasons namely 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. Model verification was made by comparing the numbers of tractors of Elsuki agricultural scheme for season 2011-2012 with those estimated by the model. The model succeeded in reducing the number of tractors and operation total cost by 23%. The effect of optimization model on elements of direct cost saving indicated that the highest cost saving is reached with depreciation, repair and maintenance (23%) and the minimum cost saving is attained with fuel cost (22%). Sensitivity analysis in terms of change in model input for each of cultivated area and total costs of operations showing that: Increasing the operation total cost by 10% decreased the total number of tractors after optimization by 23% and total cost of operations was also decreased by 23%. Increasing the cultivated area by 10%, decreased the total number of tractors after optimization by(12%) and total cost of operations was also decreased by 12% (16669206 SDG(1111280 $) to 14636376 SDG(975758 $)). For the case of multiple input effect of the area and operation total cost resulted in decrease maximum number of tractors by 12%, and the total cost of operations also decreased by 12%. It is recommended to apply the optimization model as pre-requisite for improving machinery management during implementation of machinery scheduling.

Due to its nutritional and economic value, the tomato is considered one of the main vegetables in terms of production and consumption in the world. For this reason, an important case study is the fruit maturation parametrized by its mass loss in this study. This process develops in the fruit mainly after harvest. Since that parameter affects the economic value of the crop, the scientific community has been progressively approaching the issue. However, there is no a state-of-the-art practical model allowing the prediction of the tomato fruit mass loss yet. This study proposes a prediction model for tomato mass loss in a continuous and definite time-frame using regression methods. The model is based on a combination of adjustment methods such as least squares polynomial regression leading to error estimation, and cross validation techniques. Experimental results from a 50 fruit of tomato sample studied over a 54 days period were compared to results from the model using a second-order polynomial approach found to provide optimal data fit with a resulting efficiency of ~97%. The model also allows the design of precise logistic strategies centered on post-harvest tomato mass loss prediction usable by producers, distributors, and consumers.

Günümüzde giderek önemi artan ve alternatif turizm çeşitlerinden biri olan agro-turizm, tarım ve turizmin bir araya gelmesi ile ortaya çıkmıştır. Agro-turizm, yoğun şehir yaşantısından uzaklaşmak isteyen bireylerin genellikle çiftlik tarzı evlerde konakladığı, organik ürünlerden faydalandığı doğa ile iç içe yapılan bir turizm faaliyetidir. Özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde oldukça yaygın olan bu turizm çeşidinin ekonomik, sosyolojik ve biyolojik açıdan birçok katkısı bulunmaktadır. Agro-turizm ülkemizde özellikle Ege ve Akdeniz Bölgesinde yaygın olarak faaliyet göstermektedir. Gümüşhane, Doğu Anadolu ve Karadeniz Bölgesi arasında kalan, bu iki bölgenin iklimini yaşayan ve 113 bin ha’lık tarıma elverişli araziye sahip bir bölgedir. Diğer yandan gerek doğal güzellikleri gerek kültürel mirası ile hâlihazırda bir turizm potansiyeline sahip olan Gümüşhane ilinin agro-turizm açısından da değerlendirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, ilin agro-turizm potansiyeli değerlendirilerek, agro-turizm açısından SWOT analizi yapılmış ve son olarak ilin agro-turizm potansiyelinin geliştirilmesi kapsamında öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu amaçla, ikincil kaynaklardan yararlanılarak veri toplanmıştır.

In this study the effects of dried apricot pomace (AP) on the technological, nutritional and sensory quality of frankfurters were investigated. Frankfurters formulated with 5% AP showed better quality compared to the addition of 10 and 15% AP. Protein and fat content decreased as the concentration of added AP was over 5%. AP addition resulted in lower pH and energy values. Frankfurters formulated with AP had higher cooking and process yield values. AP addition resulted with decrement in lightness and increment in yellowness of samples. 5% addition of AP resulted in good sensory scores. The results indicate that apricot pomace could be an effective functional ingredient in emulsion type meat products.

Yield and quality performances of 27 soybean cultivars were evaluated in two years field experiment between 2015 and 2016 at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, located in the Central Anatolia Region. The field experiments were laid out in the randomized complete block design with three replications in each year. The main phenological stages of development such as time to emergence, flowering, time to pod formation and time to maturity were determined as calendar days. Plant height, the first pod height, numbers of branch, pod and seed per plant, number of seed per pod, 100-seed weight, protein content, oil content and seed yield per decar were determined as yield and quality parameters. The results of two-year study revealed that the soybean cultivars differed significantly for all characters studied under Nigde conditions. It was also observed that yield and quality performances of cultivars fluctuated in years. Average seed yield values of cultivars were ranged from 135.2 kg/da-1 (Inton-I. maturity group) to 295.8 kg/da-1 (Adasoy-IV maturity group) in 2015 and 2016. In two years mean, the cultivars Adasoy, Sa-88 and Nova were determined as the most promising genotypes for main crop production in Nigde conditions.

In ecological studies, soil-plant interaction is an important environmental factor. Soil chemical and physical properties affect plant richness and diversity. This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between soil physical and chemical properties, and plant diversity indexes (Shannon-Weiner and Simpson) in semiarid grassland. Plant diversity indexes and soil properties were determined using 34 quadrats (5x5m) on different parent materials (chrome, marble, serpentine, red chalk and red chalk mostra) in semiarid grasslands in the Central Anatolia Region in Turkey. Plant samples were collected and recorded periodically from April to September (the vegetation period) in 2014 for each quadrat. In order to determine the plant richness and diversity indexes, 3 sub-quadrats (1x1m) were randomly added into each of 34 (5x5 m) quadrats. To evaluate the relationship between plant diversity indexes and soil properties, composite soil samples were collected from the four corners, and the center of each quadrat 0-30 cm in depth, and which was mixing of those subsamples. Soil sand-silt-clay contents, soil reaction (pH), bulk density (BD), electrical conductivity (EC), CaCO3 and soil organic matter (SOM) contents were measured. Relationship between plant diversity indexes measured in different months during vegetation period and soil properties of different parent material was statistically analysed using correlation analysis in SPSS 20.0. Modest correlation coefficient was found between the Simpson diversity index and SOM content, sand-silt-clay content, pH and EC for different months in vegetation period.

Bifora radians M. Bieb. Dünya genelinde çok geniş yayılım alanı bulan Asya’ya özgü tek yıllık bir yabancı ottur. Geniş bir ekolojik toleransının ve yüksek rekabet yeteneğinin olması, B. radians’ı buğday yetiştiriciliği yapılan alanlarda sorun haline getirmiştir. Herbisitlere dayanıklılığın, popülasyon dinamiğinin bilinme gerekliliği ve demografik verilere duyulan ihtiyaçtan dolayı bitkilerdeki varyasyon çalışmaları önem arz etmektedir. Asetolaktat sentez inhibitörü herbisitlere dayanıklı 29 ve duyarlı 22 olmak üzere 51 lokasyondan toplanan B. radians popülasyonları morfolojik ve biyolojik farklılıklarına göre karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre parametre verileri dayanıklı ve hassas popülasyonlar arasında belirgin farklılığı göstermiş ve bu çeşitlilik benzer lokasyonlar için de geçerli olmuştur. B. radians genotipleri arasındaki morfolojik ve biyolojik çeşitlilik; coğrafi lokasyonlar, farklı aktif maddeli ve farklı etki tarzlarına sahip herbisit uygulamaları, yetiştirilen ürünler ve uygulanan farklı tarımsal uygulamalar nedeniyle meydana gelebilmektedir. Yabancı ot popülasyonları arasındaki farklılık biyolojik ve kimyasal mücadele çalışmalarını etkileyebilmektedir.

Nowadays, organic products are produced without the use of chemical additives in natural conditions is constantly increasing every day. However, the new organic food market and organic production evaluation and development of areas with high potential for the formation of the subject is of great importance. In this context, bayburt, accommodates very suitable ecological conditions for organic production. A significant portion of the surface area agricultural land with meadows and pastures. In addition, minimal amount of chemical and industrial facilities is one of the provinces where the use of the drug is low. Areas with high potential in the development and evaluation of the institutions has an important role. However, the institutions, which is determined by the strategic objectives, resources and competencies varies according to. In this review, Bayburt province implemented in joint projects, training activities, and the development of organic production of agricultural subsidies, it is observed that Speed has a restorative effect. So it has not made production, but with high potential of supporting the development of organic agriculture and animal husbandry products will make a major contribution to the development of the current expected.

In this study, molecular markers were used to determine fungal flora in black olive fruits from field surveys to the table, following the fermentation process. Field samples were collected from different locations of Canakkale province, including Gokceada (Imbros), where organic farming is employed. Some of the fruits from field samples were used for black table olive production and then fungal flora was tracked during the fermentation process. Fungal isolation was also conducted on some commercial samples. Fifty seven isolates from field samples, 56 isolates from the fermentation process and 17 isolates from commercial products were obtained. Among these isolates, 41 Alternaria, 43 Penicillium, 19 Aspergillus, 8 Monascus and 19 other genera were determined using amplified sizes of the Beta-tubulin gene region. Species level identification was carried out based on sequences of Beta-tubulin amplicons, which provided accurate identification, especially where the genera were morphologically highly similar. The occurrence and prevalence of fungal species changed in fungal collections from the field to the fermentation process. While Alternaria alternata was common in field samples, they were absent during fermentation. Many of these identified species, such as Penicillium expansum, Aspergillus niger and Monascus pilosus, which are known as potential toxin producers such as aflatoxin, ochratoxin A and citrinin, were found both in natural and fermented samples, even at the end of the fermentation process. These results showed that some fungal species which survive on olives from the field to the table are potential toxin producers and can be successfully characterized by amplification and sequencing of Beta-tubulin gene.

Organik hayvansal üretim, hayvanların fizyolojik ihtiyaçlarına uygun bakım ve besleme yöntemlerinin uygulandığı, gerektiğinde alternatif ilaç ve tedaviye öncelik verilerek hayvan sağlığının korunduğu doğal bir yetiştirme sistemidir. Hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılan antibiyotik ve antiparaziter ilaçlara karşı dirençli suşların giderek artması, hayvansal ürünlerde ilaç kalıntılarının meydana gelmesi ve bu ürünleri tüketen insanlarda önemli sağlık problemlerine yol açması alternatif bitkisel çözüm arayışlarını beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Orta Anadolu Bölgesi halk veteriner hekimliği özelinde kullanılan bitkisel drogların organik hayvansal üretimde tedavi ve koruyucu etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmanın materyalini, Orta Anadolu Bölgesi’ndeki (Çankırı, Kayseri, Kırıkkale, Kırşehir, Yozgat) hayvan yetiştiricilerinden elde edilen yazılı, sözlü ve görsel veriler oluşturdu. Çalışmada, sığır, koyun, at, tavuk, arı ve köpek türlerinde görülen iç hastalıkları, cerrahi hastalıklar, doğum ve jinekolojik sorunlar ve paraziter hastalıklarda tedavi amacıyla 30 bitkisel drogun kullanıldığı tespit edildi. Organik hayvancılıkta başta antibiyotikler olmak üzere her türlü sentetik ilaç kullanımının yasaklandığı ya da sınırlandığı değerlendirildiğinde, sürü sağlığının korunması ve tedavisinde bu maddelerin yerine doğal olan bitkisel drogların tercih edilmesinin olumlu katkılar sağlayacağı ileri sürülebilir.