Goat milk has a great importance for human nutrition considering its nutrient content. In addition, the demand for goat milk and products derived from goat milk has increased in recent years. However, the microbiological properties of milk can directly affect human health. In this study, it was aimed to determine the nutrient content and some microbiological properties of goat milk obtained from different farms. In the study, hand milking farms were determined. After milking, a sufficient amount of milk sample was taken and brought to the laboratory at +4°C. In the milk samples, the composition of the milk, the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, the number of yeast-mold and coliform bacteria were determined. The highest protein, lactose and solids ratio (%) was obtained in milk samples taken from farms 2 and 4. The highest fat content in milk was determined in the sample taken from farm 4. It was observed that the milks of farms 2, 3 and 4 had similar mineral substance amounts. Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (PCA) count (191×104), yeast-mold (PDA) count (42×103) and coliform bacteria (VRBA) count (710×102) were determined in farm 2. As a result, in terms of some milk components were determined statistical differences between farms. The main difference is in terms of milk hygiene. However, it was determined that the milk showed significant changes in terms of microbiological properties according to the farms from which they were obtained. It can also be said that these changes may affect the health of people who directly or indirectly consume these milks.

Ülkemiz florası yerel buğdaylar bakımından önemli bir çeşitliliğe ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Bu araştırmada 20 yerel ekmeklik buğday hattı ile 5 tescilli ekmeklik buğday çeşidinin verim ve bazı verim unsurları yönüyle karşılaştırılarak ümit var genotiplerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda tarla denemeleri 2012-2013 ve 2013-2014 yetiştirme sezonlarında tesadüf blokları deneme desenine uygun olarak üç tekerrür ile Çanakkale’de kurulmuştur. Ekmeklik buğday genotipleri bitki boyu, başak uzunluğu, başaktaki başakçık sayısı, başak ağırlığı, başaktaki tane ağırlığı, başaktaki tane sayısı, metrekarede başak sayısı, metrekarede tane sayısı, biyolojik verim, hasat indeksi ve tane verimi özellikleri bakımından değerlendirilmiş, elde edilen sonuçlar varyans analizi ve duncan testi ile yorumlanmıştır. Varyans analizi sonucunda genotipler arasındaki fark istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Tescilli çeşitler tane verimi, hasat indeksi, başak ağırlığı, başakta tane ağırlığı, başakta tane sayısı ve metrekarede tane sayısı özellikleri bakımından yerel hatlardan üstün bulunmuştur. Buna karşılık yerel hatların yüksek bitki boyu, biyolojik verim ve başakçık sayısı bakımından öne çıkarak tane özellikleri hedef alınarak ıslah edilmiş tescilli çeşitlere kıyasla daha gelişmiş bir vejetatif aksama sahip oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Yüksek tane verimleri ile öne çıkan Hakkâri TR 47982/5 and Kırklareli TR 38316/2 hatları ise ümit var genotipler olarak belirlenmiştir.

Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) belongs to the family cruciferae which is mainly used as vegetable at its tender stage. The study was conducted to evaluate the morphological, phenological, head and yield traits of broccoli genotypes at Karma Innovative Research and Development Stations of Kathmandu, Kavre and Kaski district of Nepal from September 2019 to March 2020. The experiment was laid out on Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications at each location. Genotypes, location and interaction between them showed significant variation on almost all parameters. BL-17001, BL-18012 and Centauro genotypes were observed with no lateral heads, which means low yield than other varieties. BL-16003 was observed with maximum yield (1.0 kg/plant at Kathmandu and kavre and 0.9 kg/plant at Kaski) at all locations comparing to other genotypes. Among high-yielding genotypes (BL-16003 and BL-18009) BL-16003 found as early maturing and also had lateral heads so, it can also be used for multi-harvesting. In addition, the height of this genotype was in the lower range with highest number of leaves. Thus, BL-16003 is found as the promising genotype at all localities.

In this study conducted to investigate the effect of breeding flock age on the fattening performance and carcass characteristics of broilers, Ross-308 chicks obtained from the eggs of breeding in three different age groups; young (30 weeks old), middle (47 weeks old), and old (59 weeks old) were used. For this purpose, three different treatment groups and three replications in each treatment group were formed depending on the breeder age in the experiment. In the study, 30 chicks in each replication, 90 chicks in each treatment group and 270 chicks in total were used. At the initial and the end of the experiment, the differences observed between the treatment groups in terms of live weight were found to be significant. It was determined that chick live weights per trial increased with increasing flock age (P0.05). As a result, although chicks obtained from old flocks had higher live weight at the beginning of the experiment, the effect of flock age on fattening performance and carcass parameters was eliminated at the end of the experiment and showed similar values with the chicks obtained from medium and young flocks.

During the production of olive oil two types of waste are generated: wastewater and olive pomace. Since these wastes have high biochemical and chemical oxygen needs, they have harmful effects on the environment. However, in addition to these damages, many bioactive compounds in olive are transferred to wastewater and pomace during oil processing. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein are bioactive components that are dominantly found in both olive oil wastewater and pomace, and these compounds have many bioactivities that positively affect human health. As a result of scientific studies, it has been proven that hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleuropein compounds exhibit various bioactivities such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, cardioprotective effect, neuroprotective effect, chemoprevention properties, antidiabetic effect, antimicrobial and antiviral effect. These wastes are recycled in various sectors such as food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals due to the bioactive components they contain. It has been reported by scientific studies that wastewater and pomace contain phenolic compounds, pectic polysaccharides and fibers. These can be used as natural preservatives, antioxidants, food enrichers, packaging materials in the food industry. In this review, the production methods, chemical and biological properties of olive oil wastewater and pomace and studies investigating the use potential of these wastes in the food sector are compiled.

This study was carried out in 2019 to determine the effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ), gibberellic acid (GA3) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) applications on fruit yield and essential oil content in anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Different concentrations of MJ (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mM), GA3 (0, 50, 100 and 150 ppm) and NAA (0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm) were pulverized to the plant during the beginning of the flowering. Phytohormone applications had a statistically significant effect on the parameters examined in the study, and the effects of the applications generally varied depending on the application doses. While GA3 and NAA applications significantly increased the fruit yield and essential oil content compared to the control, high-dose MJ applications generally had a negative effect on all parameters except that the thousand-grain weight. The highest fruit yield was obtained from 100 and 150 ppm GA3 and 25 and 50 ppm NAA applications, while 1 mM MJ applications significantly reduced fruit yield compared to the control. Depending on the applications, the fruit essential oil content varied between 1.94%-2.69% and the essential oil yield varied between 1.42-3.18 L/da. While the highest essential oil yields were obtained from 100 ppm GA3 and 50 ppm NAA applications, 1 mM MJ applications caused a significant decrease in essential oil yield compared to the control.

Information and communication technology (ICT) tools such as radio, television, mobile phone, the internet, computers are gaining momentum in the development discourse of the agriculture sector in Nepal. In agriculture extension, ICT tools fill the void that traditional agriculture extension cannot address. So, this study aimed at assessing the paddy farmers' knowledge, perception, and satisfaction on ICT tools in Jhapa, Kapilbastu, and Kailai districts following a multistage purposive sampling method. A survey research design was used for the study. Pretested semi-structured interview schedule was employed to randomly selected 390 sample respondents. Descriptive statistics along with the appropriately developed scales were used in the data analysis. The findings revealed that respondents were moderately aware (0.44) of the significant roles of ICT tools. Respondents do have more knowledge on the radio (0.87), TV (0.85), and mobile phones (0.76), whereas the majority possess TV (94%), radio (93%), and mobile phones (88%) among ICT tools. Farmers from Bardiya were more aware of the roles of ICT as compared to other study districts. Likewise, Radio and TV were the primary ICT tools used for agriculture-related information. Respondents had high skills in using radio and TV for information but poor skills in using the computer in all study districts. Most of the respondents positively perceived (0.14) ICT tools and were satisfied (0.23) with them, but their use was limited to radio, TV, and mobile phones. In addition, farmers of Kapilbastu districts were less satisfied with the use of ICT tools as compared to other study districts.

This research was carried out to determine the effects of diets containing different levels of threonine on the performance, carcass characteristics, and serum biochemical parameters of growing Japanese quails. In the study, a total of 240 mixed sex quail chicks at the age of one day were randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups with 4 subgroups. Experimental diets were prepared to contain threonine at 0.84 (without L-threonine addition), 1.02 (control), 1.10, 1.20, 1.30 and 1.40% levels, and quails were fed with these treatment diets for six weeks. The threonine level of the diet did not statistically affect the performance and carcass parameters of quails, but the best feed efficiency was obtained at 1.10% threonine level. While serum cholesterol, total protein, albumin, creatinine, calcium and AST levels were not affected by dietary threonine level, serum glucose, triglyceride, globulin, urea, and phosphorus levels were statistically affected. With 1.30% threonine in the diet, serum glucose and triglyceride levels were minimum, while serum globulin level was maximum. Serum phosphorus level considerably increased at 1.40% threonine level compared to the control group. According to these results, it can be said that the addition of 1.10% threonine to diet would be proper for growing quails.

Tarımsal faaliyetlerin yürütülebilmesi için tarım işçilerinin güvenli bir şekilde tarla ya da bahçeye taşınması oldukça önemlidir. Ülkemizde güvenlik açısından önerilmemekle birlikte tarım işçilerinin tarla ya da bağ-bahçeye taşınmaları genellikle tarım arabaları ile gerçekleştirilmektedir. Tarım arabaları ile işçi taşınabilmesi için ülkemizde belirlenen trafik yönetmelikleri bulunmaktadır. Ancak gerek yönetmeliklere uyulmaması ve gerekse emniyetli taşıma düzeneği olmayan tarım arabaları ile işçi taşınması sırasında meydana gelen kazalar ciddi yaralanmalar ve can kaybı ile sonuçlanabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada; güvenli işçi taşınması için tasarlanan, tarım arabasına sökülüp takılabilir, oturma düzeneğine ait iki farklı yuvarlanmayı önleyici yapı tasarlanarak modellenmiştir. Geliştirilen modeller bilgisayar ortamında ANSYS paket programı kullanılarak toplam deformasyon ve gerilme parametreleri yönünden analiz edilmiştir.

Forecasting of vegetable area, production, and productivity of Nepal was made from the historical data of 1977/78 to 2019/20 by using the Box-Jenkins Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. The best fitted ARIMA models were chosen based on the minimum value of the selection criterion, Akaike information criteria (AIC) and Bayesian information criteria (BIC). ARIMA (0, 2, 1) model was found suitable for all areas and production, whereas ARIMA (0, 2, 0) model was best fitted for forecasting vegetable productivity. The model was cross-validated by comparing the point prediction with the actual test series data from 2015/16 to 2019/20. The performances of models were determined from the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) value. The MAPE was found to be 2.70%, 2.40%, and 3.80%, respectively for the prediction of area, production, and productivity. The forecast was made for the immediate five years (2020/21 to 2024/25), and it showed an increasing value for area and production while the forecasts of productivity had lower values. The vegetable production policy in Nepal should be planned following accurate forecasts to increase production in the upcoming years. Awareness among the vegetable growers should be raised in the following years with appropriate extension programs.