Viral diseases are among the most significant challenges in protecting plants of the Cucurbitaceae family, with viruses from the Potyvirus genus, such as zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), causing up to 100% yield losses under favorable conditions.  Despite the importance of these viruses, there have been no previous studies investigating potyvirus diseases in Cucurbitaceae production areas in Çanakkale province. Consequently, the status of these diseases in the region remains unknown. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing the presence of potyviruses in Cucurbitaceae production areas in Çanakkale. In the 2021 production year, a total of 137 samples exhibiting virus and virus-like symptoms were collected from various Cucurbitaceae production sites in Çanakkale province and its districts. The samples were tested using RT-PCR with primer pairs specific to WMV and ZYMV. From the infected samples, seven isolates were selected for further analysis, and the coat protein (CP) genes were amplified and sequenced. The results revealed that WMV was detected as a single infection in 78 samples, ZYMV in one sample, and mixed infections of ZYMV+WMV were found in 39 samples, indicating that WMV is notably prevalent in Çanakkale. Bioinformatics analyses demonstrated that the Turkish WMV and ZYMV isolates share more than 90% similarity with other isolates in both the local samples and the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed that Turkish WMV and ZYMV isolates are closely related to each other. This is the first study to reveal the presence and phylogenetic relationships of ZYMV and WMV in cucurbitaceous plants in Çanakkale province of Türkiye.

The faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a winter crop that can be cultivated as a versatile crop. It’s yield and quality being strongly influenced by environmental and agronomic factors, nutritional content, medicinal properties, and ability to fix nitrogen biologically. Therefore, to maximize advantages of faba bean cultivation, choosing the appropriate varieties, planting times, techniques, plant density, depth of sowing, and ensuring proper crop nutrients and irrigation is essential. For successful faba bean production in subtropical climates, it's important to assess the performance of different varieties under these specific conditions. Planting dates and soil temperature are crucial for germination, growth, and yield. At the same time, the crop's performance is also influenced by sowing methods, plant density, sowing depth, and water and fertilizer management. Integrating faba beans into cropping systems is expected to offer various ecological benefits. This paper reviews the existing literature on the agronomic practices of faba beans.

Weeds pose a significant challenge in maize fields in the Dang district, leading to a substantial 52% reduction in yield. Hence, this study was conducted in Satbariya village of Dang, Nepal, in 2023 to evaluate the impact of various weed management practices on weed dynamics, growth, and yield of spring maize. The experiment included seven treatments: a weedy check, weed-free plot, pre-emergence application of atrazine at 1.25 a.i. kg/ha (AtPrE), post-emergence application of atrazine at 1.25 a.i. kg/ha (AtPoE), manual weeding at 30 DAS, mini-tiller at 30 DAS, and LaPoE (tembotrione 42% SC + atrazine 50% WP) applied as post-emergence. The Subarna variety of maize was chosen for the study. Fifteen weed species from seven different families were identified in the experimental area. Specific morphological and phenological parameters, such as plant height and days to tasseling and silking, were not significantly influenced by the weed control methods. However, significantly lower weed density and biomass were observed in the weed-free plot and LaPoE. Similarly, weed-free plots and LaPoE exhibited significantly higher weed control efficiency (WCE) and weed control index at both 45 and 60 DAS, leading to a lower weed index (0.00–16.71%) and more effective weed control. Concerning the yield parameters, cob length, number of kernels per row, and 1000-grain weight were significantly higher in weed-free plots, followed by LaPOE, and the highest grain and biological yield were observed in weed-free plot (6.14–15.18 tons/ha) and LaPoE (5.12–13.32 tons/ha). Moreover, the benefit-cost ratio and net return were observed to be highest with LaPoE. This study suggests that LaPoE can be an effective and economical weed management strategy for increasing maize yield and profitability. Further research could explore the long-term effects of using LaPoE on weed control and crop productivity.

Farklı dozlarda uygulanan azotun dört arpa çeşidinde tane verimi ve bazı kalite özelliklerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Tokat’ta 2018-19 ve 2019-20 yetiştirme dönemlerinde Tesadüf Bloklarında Faktöriyel Deneme planına göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak yapılan bu araştırmada, dört farklı azot dozu (0, 3, 6, 9 ve 12 kg/da) ile Bolayır, Hasat, Hazar ve Ünver arpa çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada m2’deki başak sayısı, tane verimi, 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı, ham protein oranı ve tane irilik oranları incelenmiştir. Ortalamaların karşılaştırılmasında LSD testi kullanılmıştır.İklim faktörleri çeşitlerin incelenen özelliklerini önemli derecede etkilemiştir. Araştırmada, ham protein oranı (İlk yıl önemsiz) metrekaredeki başak sayısı, tane verimi, 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı ve tane irilik oranı açısından çeşitler arasında farklar önemli bulunmuştur. Uygulanan azot genelde belli bir doza kadar tane verimini artırmış, fakat malt kalite özelliklerini düşürmüştür. Verim ve maltlık özelliği bakımından Bolayır, yemlik özelliği bakımından Ünver çeşidinin bölge için diğer çeşitlere göre daha iyi durumda oldukları belirlenmiştir. Malt özelliği bakımından 3 kg N/da dozunun yeterli olduğu, bununla beraber, en yüksek tane verimine sahip Bolayır ve Ünver çeşitlerinin yemlik olarak yetiştirilmesi durumunda 6 kg N/da dozunun uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.  Tane verimi ve maltlık özelliği bakımından Bolayır, yine verim ve yemlik özellik bakımından Ünver çeşidinin bölge için diğer çeşitlere göre daha uygun oldukları belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışma, topraktan Fe-EDDHA, Fe-DTPA, Fe-HBED ve FeSO4 ile yapraktan Fe-DTPA, Fe-EDTA, FeSO4 ve Fe-Nano gübre uygulamalarının kivi bitkisinde demir (Fe) klorozunu önleme düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Topraktan ağaç başına 5 g Fe uygulanırken, yapraktan Fe-Nano 10 mg L-1, diğer gübreler ise 75 mg Fe L-1 dozlarında uygulanmıştır. Farklı dönemlerde (çiçeklenme, meyve tutumu ve vejetasyon ortası) yaprak örnekleri alınarak bitkilerin toplam ve aktif Fe, toplam klorofil ve bazı besin elementi içeriklerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, kivi yapraklarının toplam Fe içeriği çiçeklenme döneminden sonra azalmakla birlikte; aktif Fe ve klorofil içerikleri ile aktif Fe/toplam Fe oranının arttığı tespit edilmiştir. Yapraklar, Fe ve Mg hariç, tüm uygulamalarda genellikle yeterli düzeylerde besin elementi içeriklerine sahip olmuşlardır. Diğer taraftan, sırasıyla yapraktan Fe-EDTA, FeSO4 ve Fe-DTPA uygulamaları ile topraktan FeSO4, Fe-HBED ve Fe-EDDHA uygulamalarının kivide Fe klorozunu önlemede daha etkili oldukları belirlenmiştir.

A study using the assigned Complete Block Design with three replications was carried out at Hobigong, Bangladesh from January to August 2021 to investigate the impact of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and production of bitter gourd. The experiment employed five different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers, which are listed below: T1: 4 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, T2: 4 kg of organic fertilizer + 2 liters of cow urine + 2 liters of bc (biochar), T3: 2 liters of liquid bc (biochar)) + NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP (Triple Super Phosphate) + 77 g MoP (Muriate of Potash), T4: NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP + 77 g MoP), and T5: 4 kg of organic fertilizer + 2 liters of bc+ NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP + 77 g MoP) on three distinct soils in the villages of Kalonjhora, Madhabpur, and Jointure. The growth and yield of bitter gourd at different study locations were significantly affected by the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers, according to the results. The results showed that the use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers had a significant effect on the development and yield of bitter gourd at the different study sites. Maximum germination rate (90%), at 45 DAS (days after sowing), longest plant (173.28 cm) at 100 DAS, maximum number, longest and heaviest fruit (6.30 number of fruits per plant, 15.51 cm and 82.50 g, respectively) were obtained from crops grown in Jointer village that were applied with 4 kg organic fertilizer + 2 liters bc + NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP + 77 g MOP). According to the previously described research, most development and yield characteristics of bitter gourd are improved when grown in a mixture treated with 4 kg organic fertilizer + 2 liters bc + NPK (44 g urea) + 43 g of TSP + 77 g of MoP.

Wheat, one of the world's most important agricultural products, plays a vital role in meeting the nutritional needs of our growing global population. However, arid and semi-arid regions face a potential threat from boron (B) toxicity. While boron is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, its excessive presence can be toxic. It disrupts physiological processes, causing chlorosis and necrosis, ultimately leading to yield loss or plant death. Although B deficiency is a problem in the soils of many countries, Türkiye is one of the few experiencing B toxicity problems in its agricultural areas. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of durum wheat to various B concentrations (0-20 mg L-1) under controlled air-conditioned cabin conditions. Durum wheat exhibited a decrease in chlorophyll content, phenolic content, and antiradical capacity at B doses exceeding 10 mg L-1. However, carotene content increased steadily with increasing B concentrations. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), increased up to a B dose of 15 mg L-1. Catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased up to 10 mg L-1 B dose but decreased at higher B levels. Proline content increased tenfold up to a B dose of 10 mg L-1, indicating an attempt to mitigate stress. Conversely, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation increased continuously (approximately 150%) with increasing B doses, suggesting membrane damage. Despite being considered B-sensitive, this study demonstrated that durum wheat can effectively cope with B stress up to a B dose of 10 mg L-1 under controlled conditions. Beyond this threshold, physiological and biochemical changes indicate a decline in stress tolerance. Many osmoregulators, carotenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, tocopherols, phenolic compounds, non-protein amino acids, and several unidentified metabolites are activated to support antioxidant defense. The SOS pathway and the released ROS force gene regulatory systems come into play. Following these, the ROS released in the organism are neutralized, and ionic homeostasis and cellular stress resistance are achieved.

Turkey has vast agricultural lands and diverse climatic conditions, and different plant species can be cultivated. Especially, Konya province, located in the Central Anatolia Region, is an important agricultural centre in Turkey. Konya province, which has a polyculture production pattern, stands out in the production of medicinal and aromatic plants due to its favourable climatic conditions and soil structure. In Turkey, 26.33% of cumin, which is among the medicinal and aromatic plants, is produced in Konya province. This study aims to determine the factors affecting cumin production. For this purpose, 65 cumin producers determined by proportional sampling method were interviewed. The data obtained through these interviews were analysed by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to determine the weights of the criteria affecting the cumin production decision of the agricultural enterprises. In the process of determining the criteria influencing the cumin production decision, the opinions of subject experts working in universities, public institutions and organizations and producers were taken. Among the criteria determined as yield, price, labour requirement, water requirement, ease of marketing, mechanisation, input costs, cultivation knowledge, soil structure and subsidies, the most important criterion was found to be price with 28.11%. Price criterion is followed by input cost 22.57%, water requirement 12.13%,  yield 8.71%, cultivation knowledge 8.43%, subsidies 6.82%, ease of marketing 4.74%, soil structure 3.63%, mechanisation 2.54% and labour requirement 2.25%. It is thought that the solution of the mechanisation problem will make a significant contribution to cumin production as it will reduce the need for labour force.

Tomato buds of cv. Idkawy were cultured in vitro on solid MS medium with 0.2 mg-l BAP. The plantlets that were produced were exposed to different doses of gamma radiation, ranging from 100 to 200 Gy. Afterward, single pieces of nodes were cut and moved to a fresh MS medium with 0.2 mg-l of BAP. The gamma radiation caused a mortality rate of 18.75% to 52.5% among the explants. The surviving plantlets were then cut into single node pieces and transferred to an MS medium containing 0.2 mg-l of BAP, with added NaCl concentrations of either 50 or 100 mM. There was increased mortality of the vegetative buds on the explants with increased salt concentrations. It was shown that the all gamma radiation doses caused reduced the percentage of survival at saline levels. The genetic diversity was assessment by using ten primers for each SCoT and ISSR markers to six irradiated treatments grew under salt stress (100 Gy x 50 mM, 150 Gy x 50 mM, 200 Gy x 50 mM, 100 Gy x 100 mM, 150 Gy x 100 mM, 200 Gy x 100 mM). It was showed that the polymorphism percentage mean of SCoT marker (29.56%) is higher than the ISSR marker (26.78%). The average of PIC values for both markers SCoT and ISSR were 0.197 and 0.288 (PIC ˂0.5), as well as, MI values were 0.077 and 0.081, respectively. In contrast, when considering the number of alleles (Ne), Nei's genetic diversity (H), and Shannon's information index (I) parameters, it was observed that the greatest genetic variation was caused by the combined treatment of 200 Gy x 50 mM NaCl using the SCoT marker. On the other hand, with the ISSR marker, the highest induced genetic variation was seen with the combined treatment of 150 Gy x 50 mM NaCl. The obtained results demonstrate that SCoT marker was more accurate and efficient than ISSR marker for distinguishing and genetic variation analysis of irradiated tomato plantlets grew under salt stress. The relationships within treatments were estimated through cluster analysis (UPGMA) based on SCoT and ISSR analysis.

The development of high-yielding modern wheat varieties to feed the growing population has had a negative impact on the production of ancestral and landrace crops. The use of modern varieties, which are very deficient in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and flavonoids, has caused people to turn to old varieties due to health problems that arise over time. In this study, which aimed to determine the glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activity of registered varieties and landraces, the differences between the protein values and GST enzyme activity values of wheat were found to be statistically significant. When protein values were analysed among wheat varieties, einkorn wheat had the highest value with 15.53 mg/ml, and KUNDURU-1149 had the second highest value with 13.52 mg/ml. The lowest protein values were found in wheat landraces. Lr-4 had the highest GST enzyme activity with 299.7 mmol/min/mg protein and Lr-10 with 265.3 mmol/min/mg protein. A negative and high correlation was found between wheat protein values and GST enzyme activity, and it was determined that landraces were prominent in terms of GST enzyme activity.