Honeydew is a sugar-rich, sticky substance secreted by many plant-feeding insect species from the order of Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae), on the other hand, feed on nitrogen-poor, carbohydrate-rich phloem sap and excrete excess carbohydrate as honeydew from their anus. The aphids, constituting the main material of the study were sampled from the Catalpa bungei C. A. Mey (Bignoniaceae) tree located in the central campus of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University and then preparation procedures were carried out for species identification under laboratory conditions. According to the identification key organized according to the host plant, the samples were identified as Aphis gossypii Glover. The honeydew of A. gossypii Glover, known as the cotton aphid, was collected from the host plant and the effects of two different concentrations of the honeydew (10 and 20 g/L) on fungal growth were determined using both solid and liquid media. Different Trichoderma strains and Beauveria bassiana were used to examine fungal growth. Fungal growth in the prepared nutrient media was determined as the amount of biomass (gram). The honeydew content (phenolic substance, sugar and amino acid amounts) was determined and supported by FT-IR analyses. The growth of fungal species in the PDA medium, which was preferred as the control medium, and the medium containing honeydew was compared. It has been determined that fungal growth is better in the medium containing honeydew, and therefore honeydew increases fungal growth. With this study, it is predicted that aphid honeydew can support the growth of both fungal agents used in biological control and plant pathogens.

Synthetic fungicides that combat plant pathogenic fungi can enhance crop yields, ensuring stable crop production and market quality. However, the increase in the use of fungicides may cause to development of fungicide-resistant pathogen strains and the accumulation of fungicide residues in the food chain above safe limits. This situation underscores the need for improved fungal disease management through alternatives to synthetic fungicides. These alternatives include plant-derived compounds such as essential oils and extracts. Essential oils are known to be potent antifungal compounds against both human and plant pathogens. Aspergillus niger is a toxin-producing fungal disease agent that causes Aspergillus crown rot in peanuts. In this study, the antifungal activities of nine different essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare, Lippia citriodora, Origanum majorana, Origanum minutiflorum, Origanum onites, Origanum syriacum, Origanum vulgare, Salvia aramiensis and Thymus syriacus plants were evaluated against A. niger under in vitro conditions by using disc diffusion test. Among the nine essential oils tested, the highest antifungal activities were displayed by O. vulgare essential oil (with an inhibition zone diameter of 49.33 mm) which was followed by T. syriacus, O. onites, O. syriacum and O. minutiflorum essential oils (48.67, 47.00, 46.33 and 43.33 mm, respectively). The essential oils of F. vulgare, L. citriodora, and O. majorana showed relatively lower antifungal effects. The essential oil of S. aramiensis did not show antifungal effect against pathogen. The results indicated that plant essential oils could be valuable in promoting research aimed at developing new antifungal agent(s) for fungal disease management. However, further studies are needed to optimize the in vivo application conditions of essential oils against A. niger.

Asmalarda gövde hastalıkları (AGH) arasında, Esca sendromu (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora ve Phaeoacremonium oleophilum, Botryosphaeria spp., Eutypa lata, Phomopsis viticola, Cylindrocarpon spp.), Petri hastalığı (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium spp., Cadophora luteo-olivacea ve Pleurostoma richardsiae), Siyah ayak (Dactylonectria, Ilyonectria, Campylocarpon, Cylindrocladiella veya Neonectria), Botryosphaeriae dieback (Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum ve Botryosphaeria dothidea) Eutypa dieback, (Eutypa lata ve Diatrypaceae spp.) Phomopsis dieback, (Phomopsis viticola) yer almaktadır. AGH enfeksiyonları kısa veya uzun vadede asmaların ölümüne neden olur. Global ölçekte, bağcılığın sürdürülebilirliğini etkidiğinden ve tüm bağcı ülkelerde hızla yayıldığından, son otuz yıldır asmanın en yıkıcı hastalıkları olarak kabul edilmektedir. AGH’nın kontrolünde sıcak su uygulaması (SSU), tarım kimyasalları ve dezenfektanlar kullanılmaktadır. SSU′na genç asmalar, dinlenme halindeki aşı gözü veya anaç çelikleri, köklü veya aşılı köklü asma fidanları ve Vitis vinifera çeşitleri farklı düzeyde hassasiyet gösterebilirler. Bu hassasiyet çeliklerin veya fidanların büyüdüğü mevsim sıcaklıklarından etkilenebilir ve uygulanacak sıcaklık aralığı, kontrol edilecek patojenlere göre değişebilir. Asma çeliklerindeki AGH′nı baskılamak için çeşidine göre değişen aralıklarda SSU′ları (30-45 dakika süreyle 45-54°C) önerilmektedir. SSU, asma çoğaltma materyalleri ile taşınabilecek filoksera, nematod ve fitoplazma patojenleri için etkin bir kontrol yöntemidir. Kaliteli bir asma fidanı, sağlıklı, ismine doğru, iyi bir bitki formuna sahip, iyi kaynaşmış, virüsler ve patojenlerden arındırılmış, çevresel strese maruz kalmamış olmalıdır. Bu derlemede, asma çoğaltma materyallerinin patojenik bakteri, mantar, nematod, fitoplazma ve filoksera enfeksiyonlarının kontrolünde kullanılan SSU çalışmalarının bir özeti sunulmuştur.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth is directly affected by sowing dates. However, the yield of wheat in Afghanistan is significantly lower than the global standard. Several factors including fertilizers, sowing dates, seeds and cultivation methods, contribute to this low yield. The objective of this research was to address this critical issue by comparison of the effects of different sowing dates on wheat yield and its components under Kabul climatic conditions. The same experiment was conducted at two sites in 2020 using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and twelve treatments. The varieties used were Darolaman-07 (V1), Mazar- 99 (V2), and Chunta-1 (V3) as factor one, and sowing dates of November 10th (S1), November 18th (S2), November 26th (S3), and December 4th (S4) as factor two. Growth and yield parameters measured and analyzed included plant height, number of leaves plant-1, total number of tillers plant-1, leaf area index (LAI), leaf nitrogen content (N), spike length, number of spikelets spike-1, number of grains spike-1, grain weight spike-1, thousand- grain-weight, days to maturity, number of spikes plant-1, biological yield, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index. Sowing dates had significant effects on some wheat growth and yield parameters. Sowing on November 10th, 2020, resulted in the highest plant height and leaves number per plant compared to later sowing dates. There was a significant interaction between sowing date and variety at (P˂0.01) in both growth and yield parameters. ANOVA analysis highlighted significant differences among wheat varieties in spike length, grain weight spike-1, thousand grain-weight, and harvest index, with notable variations observed among different varieties. Based on the results, the longest duration to maturity and the highest grain yield were observed on sowing date of November 10, 2020.

Narrow and twin row sowing methods are agronomic applications that aim to increase plant growth and yield by expanding the plant's growing area but, they are highly affected by environmental conditions. The aim of this study is to determine the applicability of different narrow row and twin row sowing methods in clay textured soil in main crop cultivation of corn, which an important grain. The study was carried out Diyarbakır province in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Türkiye in 2016 and 2017. In the study carried out with two different corn varieties, line abreast narrow row, diagonal narrow row, line abreast twin row, diagonal twin row, single row 1 (70 cm row spacing, 20 cm intra-row spacing) and single row 2 (70 cm row spacing, 12.5 cm intra-row spacing) applications were tried. ADA 351 and Sakarya corn varieties were used in the study. As a result it was determined that line abreast narrow row, diagonal narrow row, line abreast twin row and diagonal twin row applications are not suitable for corn cultivation. The highest grain yield was obtained from single row and 12.5 cm intra-row spacing application.

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the second most important cool-season food legume in Ethiopia after faba bean, both in terms of production area and annual yield. The study comprises 13 advanced field pea genotypes that were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications across four different environments during two consecutive main cropping seasons (2020–2021). The primary objectives were to identify a field pea genotype with a reliable, high grain yield that could be subsequently released as a new cultivar for farmers in specific areas of Ethiopia.  A combined analysis of field pea grain yield revealed a significant difference (P < 0.01) between genotypes and environments, suggesting that the genetic composition of the genotypes varied and the environments were distinct. The average grain yield ranged from 1614 kg/ha to 2412 kg/ha, with a mean of 2032.69 kg/ha. Genotype G13 had the highest average grain yield (2412 kg/ha) compared to the standard check varieties Bilalo (2190 kg/ha) and Bursa (2100 kg/ha), indicating its potential for developing adaptable varieties suited to specific environments. This outcome may aid breeders in choosing the most appropriate cultivars for particular environments, resulting in higher field pea yields and productivity. Nonetheless, the research also indicates that to create broadly adaptable and climate-resilient varieties, it is crucial to carry out trials in various locations and across multiple years.

The Zamboanga Peninsula region significantly contributes to the Philippine coconut production, wherein abaca is also cultivated as an additional crop within coconut plantations. Still, coconut farmers belong to the country’s poverty sector. Abaca plays a significant role in providing an alternative source of income as a perennial intercrop in agroforestry systems like coconut. However, the productivity and sustainability of this farming system are affected by practices such as nutrient management, which is not explicitly known. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study applies a combination of quantitative and qualitative data-gathering techniques to assess the nutrient management practices adopted by the 33 qualified respondents, including challenges encountered and perceptions to abaca under the coconut farming system and fertilizer use. Quantitative data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 29, and thematic analysis was utilized for qualitative data. Results indicate that most (88%) of the farmers in the area did not apply fertilizers for their abaca. Yet, they still consider abaca as one of the income-generating crops besides coconut. The lack of financial resources and irregular harvesting operations are significant challenges that hinder fertilizer application. Findings revealed the need to develop low-cost and practical nutrient management technology for abaca under coconut, which shall be complemented with an effective human resource management system of skilled harvesters for the continuous harvesting operation of abaca to translate good crop growth into good yield and income. This will serve as a basis for government institutions and other stakeholders in developing and implementing programs and policies to improve the abaca and coconut industries.

çalışma, Türkiye’nin önemli bir fındık bölgesi olan Düzce ilinde yabancı ot sorunu ve mücadelesinde üreticinin bilgi, deneyim ve sorunları çözmedeki yetkinliğini tespit etmek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, Düzce’de 2021-2022 yıllarında toplam 100 fındık üreticisine 30 soru yöneltilmiştir. Anket sonuçlarına göre; üreticilerin %53’ünün eğitim seviyesinin lise ve üzeri olduğu, %52’sinin fındık yetiştiriciliğini aile varlığı olduğu için ve %34’ünün ise geçimlerini sağlamak amacıyla yaptığı anlaşılmıştır. Üreticilerin %84’ünün yabancı otları önemli derecede sorun gördüğü; mücadele için %80’inin biçme, %9’unun ise kimyasal mücadele uyguladığı tespit edilmiştir. Üreticilerin %40’ı fındık yetiştiriciliği dışında sanayi ve ticaret alanında, %17’si kamu kurumlarında çalışarak ek gelir elde ettiklerini; yine %65 gibi büyük bir çoğunluğu ise fındık dışında herhangi bir ürün yetiştirmediklerini beyan etmişlerdir. Üreticiler fındık bahçelerinde sorun olan 45 farklı yabancı ot türü bildirmişlerdir. Bu yabancı ot türlerinden; dam bromu (Bromus tectorum L.), tek yıllık salkımotu (Poa annua L.), yara otu (Prunella vulgaris L.), yonca (Medicago sativa L.), şebrek (Lapsana communis L.), bataklık sinirotu (Plantago lanceolata L.), kuzukulağı (Rumex acetosella L.), ak üçgül (Trifolium repens L.), böğürtlen (Rubus sanctus Schreb), tarla sarmaşığı (Convolvulus arvensis L.), yabani çilek (Fragaria vesca L.) ve kadife otu (Holcus lanatus L.) türlerinin yaygın olduğu bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca, üreticiler mevcut yabancı otlara karşı uyguladıkları kimyasal mücadele ile yabancı ot sorununu belli bir ölçüde çözdüklerini ancak böğürtlen, eğrelti otu, tarla sarmaşığı, ısırgan otu ve köpek dişi ayrığı ile mücadelede yeterli başarı elde edemediklerini belirtmişlerdir.

The present study investigated the effects of two different zeolite applications and different nitrogen-based fertilizers on chickpea’s yield and yield components in dry and irrigated conditions. The field experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 in the experimental area of the Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Türkiye. The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replicates. The main plots were grown under dry-irrigated conditions. At the same time, subplots received zeolite applications (zeolite+- zeolite-), and sub-sub plots received nitrogen applications [control, traditional, chemical, farmyard manure, and Isabion, (an animal collagen-derived biostimulant)]. The experiment found that irrigation caused a delay in phenological characters but had a favorable impact on morphological characters and yield. The effect of zeolite applications was different in the first and second years of the experiments for the investigated characters. In the first year, the application of zeolite had a significant impact on grain yield, but there was no discernible effect in the second year. The experiment demonstrated that both chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure positively impacted phenological and morphological characteristics. In both years, the farmyard manure plots produced the highest grain yield. Farmers in Türkiye are advised to apply nitrogen to their crops as the profitability of chickpeas has risen in recent years. If the high cost of farmyard manure renders its use impracticable, farmers can opt for chemical fertilizer as an alternative.

This research was carried out to evaluate the field performance of some mung bean accessions and their nutritional composition for inclusion in household diet. Twenty-one (21) accessions of mung bean were evaluated in the early and late season of 2022 at Ile-Ife, and in the early season at Kishi out-station of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. The experiment was established according to randomized complete block design with three replications. Agronomic and yield data were collected. Six of the mung bean accessions were randomly selected and analyzed for proximate, mineral composition and sensory properties along with two cowpea varieties as standard checks. MB-3, 6, 14 and 15 produced the highest seed yield across the locations (Ile-Ife early season, Ile-Ife late season, and Kishi early season). However, the performance was generally better in the early season than in the late season. The mung bean samples had slightly lower protein values than the standard checks. The mung bean samples had considerably higher mineral levels (p ≤ 0.05) than the control samples. Moin-moin (processed bean cake) made from some of the mung bean samples compared favorably with that from Ife brown cowpea (standard check). This work revealed good adaptability of the mung bean accession to southwest agro-ecology of Nigeria. It also revealed better nutritional quality of mung bean relative to cowpea for inclusion in household meals.